Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials
The tunneling rock wastes (TRW) have been increasingly generated and stockpiled in massive quantities. Recycling them for use as unbound granular pavement base/subbase materials has become an alternative featuring low carbon emission and sustainability. However, the field compaction of such large-si...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/22/8016 |
| _version_ | 1797464792674336768 |
|---|---|
| author | Yuliang Chen Qunding Yu Wenqi Li Yuanjie Xiao Tao Yang Zhiyong Li Xiao Zhi Pin Deng |
| author_facet | Yuliang Chen Qunding Yu Wenqi Li Yuanjie Xiao Tao Yang Zhiyong Li Xiao Zhi Pin Deng |
| author_sort | Yuliang Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The tunneling rock wastes (TRW) have been increasingly generated and stockpiled in massive quantities. Recycling them for use as unbound granular pavement base/subbase materials has become an alternative featuring low carbon emission and sustainability. However, the field compaction of such large-size, open-graded materials remains challenging, thus affecting post-construction deformation and long-term stability of such pavement base/subbase layers. This study conducted a series of proctor compaction and new plate vibratory compaction tests to analyze the compaction characteristics of such TRW materials. A total of six different open gradations were designed from particle packing theory. In addition, the effects of gradation and compaction methods on the compaction characteristics, particle breakage of TRW materials, and the optimal combination of vibratory parameters were investigated by normalizing the curves of achieved dry density versus degree of saturation for various combinations of gradations, compaction methods, and compaction energy levels. The post-compaction characteristics of interparticle contact, pore structure, and particle breakage were analyzed from the X-ray computed topography (XCT) scanning results of TRW specimens with different gradations. The findings showed that the gravel-to-sand ratio (<i>G</i>/<i>S</i>) based gradation design method can effectively differentiate distinct types of particle packing structures. There exists an optimal <i>G</i>/<i>S</i> range that could potentially result in the highest maximum dry density, the lowest particle breakage, and the best pore structure of compacted unbound permeable aggregate base (UPAB) materials. The achieved dry density (ρ<i><sub>d</sub></i>) of UPAB materials subjected to vibratory plate compaction exhibited three distinct phases with compaction time, from which the optimal excitation frequency range was found to be 25–27 Hz and the optimal combination of vibratory parameters were determined. The normalized compaction curves of degree of saturation versus achieved dry density were found insensitive to changes in material gradations, compaction methods and energy levels, thus allowing for a more accurate evaluation and control of field compaction quality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:12:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d5b94609745c4b1188209ca9ebebb0b7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:12:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-d5b94609745c4b1188209ca9ebebb0b72023-11-24T09:02:46ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-11-011522801610.3390/ma15228016Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base MaterialsYuliang Chen0Qunding Yu1Wenqi Li2Yuanjie Xiao3Tao Yang4Zhiyong Li5Xiao Zhi6Pin Deng7Hunan Communications Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha 410015, ChinaUrban Rail and Underground Engineering Design and Research Institute, China Railway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430063, ChinaDepartment of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, ChinaDepartment of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, ChinaDepartment of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, ChinaHunan Communications Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha 410015, ChinaDepartment of Research & Development, China Building Materials Research Institute, Beijing 100024, ChinaDepartment of Research & Development, China Building Materials Research Institute, Beijing 100024, ChinaThe tunneling rock wastes (TRW) have been increasingly generated and stockpiled in massive quantities. Recycling them for use as unbound granular pavement base/subbase materials has become an alternative featuring low carbon emission and sustainability. However, the field compaction of such large-size, open-graded materials remains challenging, thus affecting post-construction deformation and long-term stability of such pavement base/subbase layers. This study conducted a series of proctor compaction and new plate vibratory compaction tests to analyze the compaction characteristics of such TRW materials. A total of six different open gradations were designed from particle packing theory. In addition, the effects of gradation and compaction methods on the compaction characteristics, particle breakage of TRW materials, and the optimal combination of vibratory parameters were investigated by normalizing the curves of achieved dry density versus degree of saturation for various combinations of gradations, compaction methods, and compaction energy levels. The post-compaction characteristics of interparticle contact, pore structure, and particle breakage were analyzed from the X-ray computed topography (XCT) scanning results of TRW specimens with different gradations. The findings showed that the gravel-to-sand ratio (<i>G</i>/<i>S</i>) based gradation design method can effectively differentiate distinct types of particle packing structures. There exists an optimal <i>G</i>/<i>S</i> range that could potentially result in the highest maximum dry density, the lowest particle breakage, and the best pore structure of compacted unbound permeable aggregate base (UPAB) materials. The achieved dry density (ρ<i><sub>d</sub></i>) of UPAB materials subjected to vibratory plate compaction exhibited three distinct phases with compaction time, from which the optimal excitation frequency range was found to be 25–27 Hz and the optimal combination of vibratory parameters were determined. The normalized compaction curves of degree of saturation versus achieved dry density were found insensitive to changes in material gradations, compaction methods and energy levels, thus allowing for a more accurate evaluation and control of field compaction quality.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/22/8016tunneling rock wastesunbound permeable aggregate baseplate vibratory compactiondegree of saturationnormalized compaction curvesparticle breakage |
| spellingShingle | Yuliang Chen Qunding Yu Wenqi Li Yuanjie Xiao Tao Yang Zhiyong Li Xiao Zhi Pin Deng Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials Materials tunneling rock wastes unbound permeable aggregate base plate vibratory compaction degree of saturation normalized compaction curves particle breakage |
| title | Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials |
| title_full | Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials |
| title_short | Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials |
| title_sort | experimental study on vibratory compaction behavior of tunneling rock wastes used as unbound permeable aggregate base materials |
| topic | tunneling rock wastes unbound permeable aggregate base plate vibratory compaction degree of saturation normalized compaction curves particle breakage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/22/8016 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yuliangchen experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials AT qundingyu experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials AT wenqili experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials AT yuanjiexiao experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials AT taoyang experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials AT zhiyongli experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials AT xiaozhi experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials AT pindeng experimentalstudyonvibratorycompactionbehavioroftunnelingrockwastesusedasunboundpermeableaggregatebasematerials |