Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species
Genus <i>Salsola</i> (family Amaranthaceae) is one of the most prevailing genera in Saudi Arabia. Although several species were reported for their traditional uses, the majority of <i>Salsola</i> species still need to be phytochemically and biologically explored. The current...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| author | Ahlam Elwekeel Marwa H. A. Hassan Ebtihaj Almutairi Maryam AlHammad Farah Alwhbi Mohamed Sadek Abdel-Bakky Elham Amin Enas I. A. Mohamed |
| author_facet | Ahlam Elwekeel Marwa H. A. Hassan Ebtihaj Almutairi Maryam AlHammad Farah Alwhbi Mohamed Sadek Abdel-Bakky Elham Amin Enas I. A. Mohamed |
| author_sort | Ahlam Elwekeel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Genus <i>Salsola</i> (family Amaranthaceae) is one of the most prevailing genera in Saudi Arabia. Although several species were reported for their traditional uses, the majority of <i>Salsola</i> species still need to be phytochemically and biologically explored. The current study presents the GC-MS profiling as well as an in vitro investigation of the bioactivities of the n-hexane extracts from the five <i>Salsola</i> species: <i>Salsola arabica</i>, <i>S. cyclophylla</i>, <i>S. imbricata</i>, <i>S. incanescens</i> and <i>S. villosa</i>. Additionally, the compounds identified in the most active extracts were screened for their interaction with the active sites of cyclooxygenase enzyme isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2). GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extracts from the five species resulted in the identification of 67 constituents. Oleic acid (75.57%), 1-octadecene (14.46%), cinnamaldehyde α-hexyl (57.15%), octacosyl heptafluorobutyrate (25.36%) and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (26.15%) represent the major constituents in <i>S. arabica</i>, <i>S. cyclophylla</i>, <i>S. imbricata</i>, <i>S. inscanescence</i> and <i>S. villosa</i>, respectively. Results of bioactivity testing highlighted <i>S. villosa</i> as having the highest anti-oxidant activity (IC<sub>50</sub> 0.99 ± 0.05 mg/mL), which was closely followed by <i>S. cyclophylla</i> (IC<sub>50</sub> 1.36 ± 0.06 mg/mL) compared to the IC<sub>50</sub> of 0.16 ± 0.01 mg/mL recorded by ascorbic acid. <i>S. villosa</i> was further noted for having the strongest COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub> 4.6 ± 0.13 µg/mL) among the tested extracts followed by <i>S. arabica</i> (IC<sub>50</sub> 13.1 ± 0.37 µg/mL) and <i>S. cyclophylla</i> (IC<sub>50</sub> 20.1 ± 0.57 µg/mL). On the other hand, <i>S. imbricata</i> extract displayed the most characteristic inhibition activity against COX-1 (IC<sub>50</sub> 10.2 ± 0.52 µg/mL), which was non-significant from the standard drug celecoxib. Based upon bioactivity results, the phytoconstituents identified in <i>S. villosa</i> and <i>S. imbricata</i> extracts were investigated for their capability to interact with the active sites of both cyclooxygenase enzyme isoforms adopting molecular docking. Results indicated the possibility to incorporate the compounds to active sites of the enzymes where some of them bind with their polar end into the cavity beyond Arg120 and their aliphatic chain oriented to the catalytically important Tyr385 similar to the natural substrate arachidonic acid, indicating that they could be promising candidates for the future development of selective COX inhibitors. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:10:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d5c22218f9df48ef8c93dfbd4951bfdb2023-11-16T23:13:58ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392023-01-011027210.3390/separations10020072Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola SpeciesAhlam Elwekeel0Marwa H. A. Hassan1Ebtihaj Almutairi2Maryam AlHammad3Farah Alwhbi4Mohamed Sadek Abdel-Bakky5Elham Amin6Enas I. A. Mohamed7Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptCollege of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptGenus <i>Salsola</i> (family Amaranthaceae) is one of the most prevailing genera in Saudi Arabia. Although several species were reported for their traditional uses, the majority of <i>Salsola</i> species still need to be phytochemically and biologically explored. The current study presents the GC-MS profiling as well as an in vitro investigation of the bioactivities of the n-hexane extracts from the five <i>Salsola</i> species: <i>Salsola arabica</i>, <i>S. cyclophylla</i>, <i>S. imbricata</i>, <i>S. incanescens</i> and <i>S. villosa</i>. Additionally, the compounds identified in the most active extracts were screened for their interaction with the active sites of cyclooxygenase enzyme isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2). GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extracts from the five species resulted in the identification of 67 constituents. Oleic acid (75.57%), 1-octadecene (14.46%), cinnamaldehyde α-hexyl (57.15%), octacosyl heptafluorobutyrate (25.36%) and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (26.15%) represent the major constituents in <i>S. arabica</i>, <i>S. cyclophylla</i>, <i>S. imbricata</i>, <i>S. inscanescence</i> and <i>S. villosa</i>, respectively. Results of bioactivity testing highlighted <i>S. villosa</i> as having the highest anti-oxidant activity (IC<sub>50</sub> 0.99 ± 0.05 mg/mL), which was closely followed by <i>S. cyclophylla</i> (IC<sub>50</sub> 1.36 ± 0.06 mg/mL) compared to the IC<sub>50</sub> of 0.16 ± 0.01 mg/mL recorded by ascorbic acid. <i>S. villosa</i> was further noted for having the strongest COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub> 4.6 ± 0.13 µg/mL) among the tested extracts followed by <i>S. arabica</i> (IC<sub>50</sub> 13.1 ± 0.37 µg/mL) and <i>S. cyclophylla</i> (IC<sub>50</sub> 20.1 ± 0.57 µg/mL). On the other hand, <i>S. imbricata</i> extract displayed the most characteristic inhibition activity against COX-1 (IC<sub>50</sub> 10.2 ± 0.52 µg/mL), which was non-significant from the standard drug celecoxib. Based upon bioactivity results, the phytoconstituents identified in <i>S. villosa</i> and <i>S. imbricata</i> extracts were investigated for their capability to interact with the active sites of both cyclooxygenase enzyme isoforms adopting molecular docking. Results indicated the possibility to incorporate the compounds to active sites of the enzymes where some of them bind with their polar end into the cavity beyond Arg120 and their aliphatic chain oriented to the catalytically important Tyr385 similar to the natural substrate arachidonic acid, indicating that they could be promising candidates for the future development of selective COX inhibitors.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/2/72anti-inflammatoryanti-oxidantCOXdocking studyGC-MS<i>Salsola</i> |
| spellingShingle | Ahlam Elwekeel Marwa H. A. Hassan Ebtihaj Almutairi Maryam AlHammad Farah Alwhbi Mohamed Sadek Abdel-Bakky Elham Amin Enas I. A. Mohamed Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species Separations anti-inflammatory anti-oxidant COX docking study GC-MS <i>Salsola</i> |
| title | Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species |
| title_full | Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species |
| title_short | Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species |
| title_sort | anti inflammatory anti oxidant gc ms profiling and molecular docking analyses of non polar extracts from five salsola species |
| topic | anti-inflammatory anti-oxidant COX docking study GC-MS <i>Salsola</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/2/72 |
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