CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray
Canopy characterization detection is essential for target-oriented spray, which minimizes pesticide residues in fruits, pesticide wastage, and pollution. In this study, a novel canopy meshing-profile characterization (CMPC) method based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR)point-cloud data was desi...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4252 |
| _version_ | 1797529317312299008 |
|---|---|
| author | Chenchen Gu Changyuan Zhai Xiu Wang Songlin Wang |
| author_facet | Chenchen Gu Changyuan Zhai Xiu Wang Songlin Wang |
| author_sort | Chenchen Gu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Canopy characterization detection is essential for target-oriented spray, which minimizes pesticide residues in fruits, pesticide wastage, and pollution. In this study, a novel canopy meshing-profile characterization (CMPC) method based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR)point-cloud data was designed for high-precision canopy volume calculations. First, the accuracy and viability of this method were tested using a simulated canopy. The results show that the CMPC method can accurately characterize the 3D profiles of the simulated canopy. These simulated canopy profiles were similar to those obtained from manual measurements, and the measured canopy volume achieved an accuracy of 93.3%. Second, the feasibility of the method was verified by a field experiment where the canopy 3D stereogram and cross-sectional profiles were obtained via CMPC. The results show that the 3D stereogram exhibited a high degree of similarity with the tree canopy, although there were some differences at the edges, where the canopy was sparse. The CMPC-derived cross-sectional profiles matched the manually measured results well. The CMPC method achieved an accuracy of 96.3% when the tree canopy was detected by LiDAR at a moving speed of 1.2 m/s. The accuracy of the LiDAR system was virtually unchanged when the moving speeds was reduced to 1 m/s. No detection lag was observed when comparing the start and end positions of the cross-section. Different CMPC grid sizes were also evaluated. Small grid sizes (0.01 m × 0.01 m and 0.025 m × 0.025 m) were suitable for characterizing the finer details of a canopy, whereas grid sizes of 0.1 m × 0.1 m or larger can be used for characterizing its overall profile and volume. The results of this study can be used as a technical reference for the development of a LiDAR-based target-oriented spray system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:13:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d5c75ec831224357aaf6250c96ed3b1d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:13:04Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-d5c75ec831224357aaf6250c96ed3b1d2023-11-22T01:05:54ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-06-012112425210.3390/s21124252CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented SprayChenchen Gu0Changyuan Zhai1Xiu Wang2Songlin Wang3Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, ChinaCollege of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, ChinaCanopy characterization detection is essential for target-oriented spray, which minimizes pesticide residues in fruits, pesticide wastage, and pollution. In this study, a novel canopy meshing-profile characterization (CMPC) method based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR)point-cloud data was designed for high-precision canopy volume calculations. First, the accuracy and viability of this method were tested using a simulated canopy. The results show that the CMPC method can accurately characterize the 3D profiles of the simulated canopy. These simulated canopy profiles were similar to those obtained from manual measurements, and the measured canopy volume achieved an accuracy of 93.3%. Second, the feasibility of the method was verified by a field experiment where the canopy 3D stereogram and cross-sectional profiles were obtained via CMPC. The results show that the 3D stereogram exhibited a high degree of similarity with the tree canopy, although there were some differences at the edges, where the canopy was sparse. The CMPC-derived cross-sectional profiles matched the manually measured results well. The CMPC method achieved an accuracy of 96.3% when the tree canopy was detected by LiDAR at a moving speed of 1.2 m/s. The accuracy of the LiDAR system was virtually unchanged when the moving speeds was reduced to 1 m/s. No detection lag was observed when comparing the start and end positions of the cross-section. Different CMPC grid sizes were also evaluated. Small grid sizes (0.01 m × 0.01 m and 0.025 m × 0.025 m) were suitable for characterizing the finer details of a canopy, whereas grid sizes of 0.1 m × 0.1 m or larger can be used for characterizing its overall profile and volume. The results of this study can be used as a technical reference for the development of a LiDAR-based target-oriented spray system.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4252orchard treeLiDARpesticidepoint cloudtarget-oriented spray |
| spellingShingle | Chenchen Gu Changyuan Zhai Xiu Wang Songlin Wang CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray Sensors orchard tree LiDAR pesticide point cloud target-oriented spray |
| title | CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray |
| title_full | CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray |
| title_fullStr | CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray |
| title_full_unstemmed | CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray |
| title_short | CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray |
| title_sort | cmpc an innovative lidar based method to estimate tree canopy meshing profile volumes for orchard target oriented spray |
| topic | orchard tree LiDAR pesticide point cloud target-oriented spray |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4252 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chenchengu cmpcaninnovativelidarbasedmethodtoestimatetreecanopymeshingprofilevolumesfororchardtargetorientedspray AT changyuanzhai cmpcaninnovativelidarbasedmethodtoestimatetreecanopymeshingprofilevolumesfororchardtargetorientedspray AT xiuwang cmpcaninnovativelidarbasedmethodtoestimatetreecanopymeshingprofilevolumesfororchardtargetorientedspray AT songlinwang cmpcaninnovativelidarbasedmethodtoestimatetreecanopymeshingprofilevolumesfororchardtargetorientedspray |