Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir
The objective of this study was to characterize the properties of cellulose and CMC synthesized from young and mature coconut coir with different bleaching times (bleaching for the first time; 1 BT, bleaching for a second time; 2 BT, and bleaching for the third time; 3 BT) using hydrogen peroxide (H...
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/16/3376 |
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| author | Warinporn Klunklin Sasina Hinmo Parichat Thipchai Pornchai Rachtanapun |
| author_facet | Warinporn Klunklin Sasina Hinmo Parichat Thipchai Pornchai Rachtanapun |
| author_sort | Warinporn Klunklin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of this study was to characterize the properties of cellulose and CMC synthesized from young and mature coconut coir with different bleaching times (bleaching for the first time; 1 BT, bleaching for a second time; 2 BT, and bleaching for the third time; 3 BT) using hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). The surface morphology, structural information, chemical compositions, and crystallinity of both cellulose and CMC were determined. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> bleaching can support delignification by reducing hemicellulose and lignin, as evidenced by FTIR showing a sharp peak at wave number 1260 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The cellulose and CMC from coconut coir can be more dispersed and have greater functional characteristics with increasing bleaching times due to the change in accessibility of hydroxyl groups in the structure. The CMC diffraction patterns of coconut coir after the bleaching process showed the destruction of the crystalline region of the original cellulose. The SEM images showed that the surface of CMC was smoother than that of cellulose. The CMC<sub>y</sub> had a higher water holding capacity (WHC) compared to the CMC<sub>m</sub> as the bleaching can increase interaction between the polymer and water molecules. Therefore, the best quality of CMC corresponds to CMC<sub>y</sub>. Based on these findings, bleaching time has a strong effect on the functional properties of cellulose and CMC from coconut coir. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:38:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d5de736adb0b40c9934474fb3ae28d47 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:38:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-d5de736adb0b40c9934474fb3ae28d472023-11-19T02:43:18ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-08-011516337610.3390/polym15163376Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut CoirWarinporn Klunklin0Sasina Hinmo1Parichat Thipchai2Pornchai Rachtanapun3Division of Marine Product Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, ThailandMaster of Science Program in Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDoctor of Philosophy Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (International Program/Interdisciplinary), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, ThailandThe objective of this study was to characterize the properties of cellulose and CMC synthesized from young and mature coconut coir with different bleaching times (bleaching for the first time; 1 BT, bleaching for a second time; 2 BT, and bleaching for the third time; 3 BT) using hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). The surface morphology, structural information, chemical compositions, and crystallinity of both cellulose and CMC were determined. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> bleaching can support delignification by reducing hemicellulose and lignin, as evidenced by FTIR showing a sharp peak at wave number 1260 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The cellulose and CMC from coconut coir can be more dispersed and have greater functional characteristics with increasing bleaching times due to the change in accessibility of hydroxyl groups in the structure. The CMC diffraction patterns of coconut coir after the bleaching process showed the destruction of the crystalline region of the original cellulose. The SEM images showed that the surface of CMC was smoother than that of cellulose. The CMC<sub>y</sub> had a higher water holding capacity (WHC) compared to the CMC<sub>m</sub> as the bleaching can increase interaction between the polymer and water molecules. Therefore, the best quality of CMC corresponds to CMC<sub>y</sub>. Based on these findings, bleaching time has a strong effect on the functional properties of cellulose and CMC from coconut coir.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/16/3376agricultural wastecoconut coircellulosecarboxymethyl celluloseCMCbleaching |
| spellingShingle | Warinporn Klunklin Sasina Hinmo Parichat Thipchai Pornchai Rachtanapun Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir Polymers agricultural waste coconut coir cellulose carboxymethyl cellulose CMC bleaching |
| title | Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir |
| title_full | Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir |
| title_short | Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir |
| title_sort | effect of bleaching processes on physicochemical and functional properties of cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose from young and mature coconut coir |
| topic | agricultural waste coconut coir cellulose carboxymethyl cellulose CMC bleaching |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/16/3376 |
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