Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate
In this study, we used sonophoresis and iontophoresis to enhance the in vitro delivery of methotrexate through human cadaver skin. Iontophoresis was applied for 60 min at a 0.4 mA/sq·cm current density, while low-frequency sonophoresis was applied at a 20 kHz frequency (2 min application,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-08-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/10/3/117 |
| _version_ | 1798040295924826112 |
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| author | Hiep X. Nguyen Ajay K. Banga |
| author_facet | Hiep X. Nguyen Ajay K. Banga |
| author_sort | Hiep X. Nguyen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we used sonophoresis and iontophoresis to enhance the in vitro delivery of methotrexate through human cadaver skin. Iontophoresis was applied for 60 min at a 0.4 mA/sq·cm current density, while low-frequency sonophoresis was applied at a 20 kHz frequency (2 min application, and 6.9 W/sq·cm intensity). The treated skin was characterized by dye binding, transepidermal water loss, skin electrical resistance, and skin temperature measurement. Both sonophoresis and iontophoresis resulted in a significant reduction in skin electrical resistance as well as a marked increase in transepidermal water loss value (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ultrasonic waves resulted in a significant increase in skin temperature (p < 0.05). In permeation studies, the use of iontophoresis led to a significantly higher drug permeability than the untreated group (n = 4, p < 0.05). The skin became markedly more permeable to methotrexate after the treatment by sonophoresis than by iontophoresis (p < 0.01). A synergistic effect for the combined application of sonophoresis and iontophoresis was also observed. Drug distribution in the skin layers revealed a significantly higher level of methotrexate in the sonicated skin than that in iontophoresis and untreated groups. Iontophoresis and low-frequency sonophoresis were found to enhance the transdermal and intradermal delivery of methotrexate in vitro. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:05:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d5e30b30a36945e98207642d5e6c4526 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:05:39Z |
| publishDate | 2018-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-d5e30b30a36945e98207642d5e6c45262022-12-22T04:00:44ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232018-08-0110311710.3390/pharmaceutics10030117pharmaceutics10030117Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of MethotrexateHiep X. Nguyen0Ajay K. Banga1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USAIn this study, we used sonophoresis and iontophoresis to enhance the in vitro delivery of methotrexate through human cadaver skin. Iontophoresis was applied for 60 min at a 0.4 mA/sq·cm current density, while low-frequency sonophoresis was applied at a 20 kHz frequency (2 min application, and 6.9 W/sq·cm intensity). The treated skin was characterized by dye binding, transepidermal water loss, skin electrical resistance, and skin temperature measurement. Both sonophoresis and iontophoresis resulted in a significant reduction in skin electrical resistance as well as a marked increase in transepidermal water loss value (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ultrasonic waves resulted in a significant increase in skin temperature (p < 0.05). In permeation studies, the use of iontophoresis led to a significantly higher drug permeability than the untreated group (n = 4, p < 0.05). The skin became markedly more permeable to methotrexate after the treatment by sonophoresis than by iontophoresis (p < 0.01). A synergistic effect for the combined application of sonophoresis and iontophoresis was also observed. Drug distribution in the skin layers revealed a significantly higher level of methotrexate in the sonicated skin than that in iontophoresis and untreated groups. Iontophoresis and low-frequency sonophoresis were found to enhance the transdermal and intradermal delivery of methotrexate in vitro.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/10/3/117iontophoresissonophoresischaracterizationmethotrexatetransdermal delivery |
| spellingShingle | Hiep X. Nguyen Ajay K. Banga Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate Pharmaceutics iontophoresis sonophoresis characterization methotrexate transdermal delivery |
| title | Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate |
| title_full | Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate |
| title_fullStr | Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate |
| title_short | Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate |
| title_sort | electrically and ultrasonically enhanced transdermal delivery of methotrexate |
| topic | iontophoresis sonophoresis characterization methotrexate transdermal delivery |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/10/3/117 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hiepxnguyen electricallyandultrasonicallyenhancedtransdermaldeliveryofmethotrexate AT ajaykbanga electricallyandultrasonicallyenhancedtransdermaldeliveryofmethotrexate |