Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation
Abstract Background Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. To prevent malaria in children living in moderate-to-high malaria transmission areas, the World Health Organization has recommended perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC). Prior...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04793-y |
| _version_ | 1797453840132341760 |
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| author | Shino Arikawa Martin Kouame Tchankoni Fifonsi A. Gbeasor-Komlanvi Somiabalo P. Atekpe Tinah Atcha-Oubou Antía Figueroa-Romero Augustin E. Fombah Francisco Saute Mohamed Samai Clara Menendez Raquel Gonzalez Valérie Briand Didier K. Ekouevi the MULTIPLY consortium |
| author_facet | Shino Arikawa Martin Kouame Tchankoni Fifonsi A. Gbeasor-Komlanvi Somiabalo P. Atekpe Tinah Atcha-Oubou Antía Figueroa-Romero Augustin E. Fombah Francisco Saute Mohamed Samai Clara Menendez Raquel Gonzalez Valérie Briand Didier K. Ekouevi the MULTIPLY consortium |
| author_sort | Shino Arikawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. To prevent malaria in children living in moderate-to-high malaria transmission areas, the World Health Organization has recommended perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC). Prior to piloting PMC implementation in southern Togo, a household survey was conducted to estimate malaria infection prevalence in children under 2 years of age (U2). Methods A cross-sectional community-based household survey was conducted in the Haho district in the Togo Plateaux region. A three-stage random sampling method was used to select study participants aged 10–23 months whose caretakers gave informed consent. The prevalence of Plasmodium infection, defined as a positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT), was estimated with 95% confidence interval (CI). Clinical malaria was defined as having a positive RDT plus fever (≥ 37.5 °C) or history of fever in the last 24 h. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess the child’s, caretaker’s, and household’s factors associated with malaria infection. Results A total of 685 children were included in the survey conducted January–February in 2022 (dry season). Median age was 17 months (interquartile range: 13–21). About 80% of the children slept under a bed net the night before the interview. Malaria infection prevalence was 32.1% (95% CI 27.7–37.0) with significant area variation (cluster range: 0.0–73.3). Prevalence of clinical malaria was 15.4% (95% CI 12.2–19.2). Children whose caretakers were animist (aOR: 1.71, 95% CI 1.19–2.46) and those living in mother-headed households (aOR: 2.39, 95% CI 1.43–3.99) were more likely to have a positive RDT. Living more than 5 km away from the nearest health facility (aOR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.04–2.44) and presence of two or more under-5-years children in the household (aOR: 1.44, 95% CI 1.01–2.07) were also associated with increased risk of infection. Conclusion One-third of the children U2 who participated in this survey had malaria infection, thus PMC could be a promising strategy to reduce malaria burden in young children in Plateaux region. Reinforcement of outreach services and targeting the poorest households should be prioritized to reduce the inequity in malaria prevention in children exposed to the infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:28:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d5f4f28f99994a6895c4bdf8246c7ae1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:28:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-d5f4f28f99994a6895c4bdf8246c7ae12023-11-26T12:24:15ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752023-11-0122111310.1186/s12936-023-04793-yPrevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementationShino Arikawa0Martin Kouame Tchankoni1Fifonsi A. Gbeasor-Komlanvi2Somiabalo P. Atekpe3Tinah Atcha-Oubou4Antía Figueroa-Romero5Augustin E. Fombah6Francisco Saute7Mohamed Samai8Clara Menendez9Raquel Gonzalez10Valérie Briand11Didier K. Ekouevi12the MULTIPLY consortiumUniversity of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research CentreDépartement de Santé Publique, Université de LoméDépartement de Santé Publique, Université de LoméMinistère de la Santé, de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel Aux Soins (MSHPAUS)Ministère de la Santé, de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel aux Soins (MSHPAUS) Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP)Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic‑University of BarcelonaBarcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic‑University of BarcelonaManhiça Health Research CenterCollege of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra LeoneBarcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic‑University of BarcelonaBarcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic‑University of BarcelonaUniversity of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research CentreUniversity of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research CentreAbstract Background Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. To prevent malaria in children living in moderate-to-high malaria transmission areas, the World Health Organization has recommended perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC). Prior to piloting PMC implementation in southern Togo, a household survey was conducted to estimate malaria infection prevalence in children under 2 years of age (U2). Methods A cross-sectional community-based household survey was conducted in the Haho district in the Togo Plateaux region. A three-stage random sampling method was used to select study participants aged 10–23 months whose caretakers gave informed consent. The prevalence of Plasmodium infection, defined as a positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT), was estimated with 95% confidence interval (CI). Clinical malaria was defined as having a positive RDT plus fever (≥ 37.5 °C) or history of fever in the last 24 h. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess the child’s, caretaker’s, and household’s factors associated with malaria infection. Results A total of 685 children were included in the survey conducted January–February in 2022 (dry season). Median age was 17 months (interquartile range: 13–21). About 80% of the children slept under a bed net the night before the interview. Malaria infection prevalence was 32.1% (95% CI 27.7–37.0) with significant area variation (cluster range: 0.0–73.3). Prevalence of clinical malaria was 15.4% (95% CI 12.2–19.2). Children whose caretakers were animist (aOR: 1.71, 95% CI 1.19–2.46) and those living in mother-headed households (aOR: 2.39, 95% CI 1.43–3.99) were more likely to have a positive RDT. Living more than 5 km away from the nearest health facility (aOR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.04–2.44) and presence of two or more under-5-years children in the household (aOR: 1.44, 95% CI 1.01–2.07) were also associated with increased risk of infection. Conclusion One-third of the children U2 who participated in this survey had malaria infection, thus PMC could be a promising strategy to reduce malaria burden in young children in Plateaux region. Reinforcement of outreach services and targeting the poorest households should be prioritized to reduce the inequity in malaria prevention in children exposed to the infection.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04793-yMalaria infection prevalencePreventionIPTiPMCChildrenSub-Saharan Africa |
| spellingShingle | Shino Arikawa Martin Kouame Tchankoni Fifonsi A. Gbeasor-Komlanvi Somiabalo P. Atekpe Tinah Atcha-Oubou Antía Figueroa-Romero Augustin E. Fombah Francisco Saute Mohamed Samai Clara Menendez Raquel Gonzalez Valérie Briand Didier K. Ekouevi the MULTIPLY consortium Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation Malaria Journal Malaria infection prevalence Prevention IPTi PMC Children Sub-Saharan Africa |
| title | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
| title_full | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
| title_short | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
| title_sort | prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
| topic | Malaria infection prevalence Prevention IPTi PMC Children Sub-Saharan Africa |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04793-y |
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