Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey
The tropospheric delay and gradients can be estimated using Global Positioning System (GPS) observations after removing the ionospheric delay, which has been widely used for atmospheric studies and forecasting. However, high-order ionospheric (HOI) delays are generally ignored in GPS processing to e...
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3569 |
| _version_ | 1797549202450939904 |
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| author | Volkan Akgul Gokhan Gurbuz Senol Hakan Kutoglu Shuanggen Jin |
| author_facet | Volkan Akgul Gokhan Gurbuz Senol Hakan Kutoglu Shuanggen Jin |
| author_sort | Volkan Akgul |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The tropospheric delay and gradients can be estimated using Global Positioning System (GPS) observations after removing the ionospheric delay, which has been widely used for atmospheric studies and forecasting. However, high-order ionospheric (HOI) delays are generally ignored in GPS processing to estimate atmospheric parameters. In this study, HOI effects on GPS-estimated tropospheric delay and gradients are investigated from two weeks of GPS data in June 2011 at selected GPS stations in Turkey. Results show that HOI effects are up to 6 mm on zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), 4 mm on the North-South (NS) gradient and 12 mm on the East-West (EW) gradient during this period, but can reach over 30 mm in slant tropospheric delays. Furthermore, the HOI effects on tropospheric delay and gradient are larger in the daytime than the nighttime. Furthermore, HOI effects on tropospheric delay are further investigated on low and high solar activity days. The HOI effects on GPS estimated tropospheric delay and gradients in high solar activity days are higher than those in low solar activity days. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:11:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d607f230dc5640c5b48a5242d08fcd9b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:11:21Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-d607f230dc5640c5b48a5242d08fcd9b2023-11-20T19:20:22ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922020-10-011221356910.3390/rs12213569Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in TurkeyVolkan Akgul0Gokhan Gurbuz1Senol Hakan Kutoglu2Shuanggen Jin3Department of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, TurkeyDepartment of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, TurkeyDepartment of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, TurkeySchool of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaThe tropospheric delay and gradients can be estimated using Global Positioning System (GPS) observations after removing the ionospheric delay, which has been widely used for atmospheric studies and forecasting. However, high-order ionospheric (HOI) delays are generally ignored in GPS processing to estimate atmospheric parameters. In this study, HOI effects on GPS-estimated tropospheric delay and gradients are investigated from two weeks of GPS data in June 2011 at selected GPS stations in Turkey. Results show that HOI effects are up to 6 mm on zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), 4 mm on the North-South (NS) gradient and 12 mm on the East-West (EW) gradient during this period, but can reach over 30 mm in slant tropospheric delays. Furthermore, the HOI effects on tropospheric delay and gradient are larger in the daytime than the nighttime. Furthermore, HOI effects on tropospheric delay are further investigated on low and high solar activity days. The HOI effects on GPS estimated tropospheric delay and gradients in high solar activity days are higher than those in low solar activity days.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3569GPShigh-order ionospheric delaytropospheric delaygradients |
| spellingShingle | Volkan Akgul Gokhan Gurbuz Senol Hakan Kutoglu Shuanggen Jin Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey Remote Sensing GPS high-order ionospheric delay tropospheric delay gradients |
| title | Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey |
| title_full | Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey |
| title_short | Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey |
| title_sort | effects of the high order ionospheric delay on gps based tropospheric parameter estimations in turkey |
| topic | GPS high-order ionospheric delay tropospheric delay gradients |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3569 |
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