In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test
Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a cost-effective point of use method for disinfecting water, usually in a 2 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle. To increase the volume of water disinfected, three novel transparent reactors were developed using PET in 25 L transparent jerrycans, pol...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IWA Publishing
2021-01-01
|
| Series: | H2Open Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.108 |
| _version_ | 1811334959392096256 |
|---|---|
| author | Paloma Ozores Diez M. Inmaculada Polo-López Azahara Martínez-García Monique Waso Brandon Reyneke Wesaal Khan Kevin G. McGuigan Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez Rosaleen Devery Bríd Quilty |
| author_facet | Paloma Ozores Diez M. Inmaculada Polo-López Azahara Martínez-García Monique Waso Brandon Reyneke Wesaal Khan Kevin G. McGuigan Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez Rosaleen Devery Bríd Quilty |
| author_sort | Paloma Ozores Diez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a cost-effective point of use method for disinfecting water, usually in a 2 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle. To increase the volume of water disinfected, three novel transparent reactors were developed using PET in 25 L transparent jerrycans, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in tubular solar reactors capable of delivering >20 L of water and polypropylene (PP) in 20 L buckets. In vitro bioassays were used to investigate any toxic substances leached from the plastic reactors into disinfected water as a result of exposure to sunshine for up to 9 months. The Ames test was used to test for mutagenicity and the E-screen bioassay to test for estrogenicity. No mutagenicity was detected in any sample and no estrogenicity was found in the SODIS treated water produced by the PMMA reactors or the PP buckets. While water disinfected using the PET reactors showed no estrogenicity following exposure to the sun for 3 and 6 months, estrogenicity was detected following 9 months' exposure to sunlight; however levels detected were within the acceptable daily intake for 17β-estradiol (E2) of up to 50 ng/kg body weight/day. HIGHLIGHTS
No mutagenicity or estrogenicity was detected in water from novel PMMA and PP SODIS reactors continuously exposed to sunshine for nine months.;
The E-screen bioassay was used for the first time to test for estrogenicity in the SODIS process.;
Water from 2 L and 25 L PET SODIS reactors showed no mutagenicity. Levels of estrogenicity detected were within acceptable limits.; |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:16:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d638e67265ab40d8ac3cdfa0feee99c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2616-6518 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:16:04Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | IWA Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | H2Open Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-d638e67265ab40d8ac3cdfa0feee99c42022-12-22T02:38:07ZengIWA PublishingH2Open Journal2616-65182021-01-014120421510.2166/h2oj.2021.108108In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames testPaloma Ozores Diez0M. Inmaculada Polo-López1Azahara Martínez-García2Monique Waso3Brandon Reyneke4Wesaal Khan5Kevin G. McGuigan6Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez7Rosaleen Devery8Bríd Quilty9 School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University (DCU), Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University,Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University,Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University,Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin DO2 YN77, Ireland Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, United Kingdom School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University (DCU), Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University (DCU), Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a cost-effective point of use method for disinfecting water, usually in a 2 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle. To increase the volume of water disinfected, three novel transparent reactors were developed using PET in 25 L transparent jerrycans, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in tubular solar reactors capable of delivering >20 L of water and polypropylene (PP) in 20 L buckets. In vitro bioassays were used to investigate any toxic substances leached from the plastic reactors into disinfected water as a result of exposure to sunshine for up to 9 months. The Ames test was used to test for mutagenicity and the E-screen bioassay to test for estrogenicity. No mutagenicity was detected in any sample and no estrogenicity was found in the SODIS treated water produced by the PMMA reactors or the PP buckets. While water disinfected using the PET reactors showed no estrogenicity following exposure to the sun for 3 and 6 months, estrogenicity was detected following 9 months' exposure to sunlight; however levels detected were within the acceptable daily intake for 17β-estradiol (E2) of up to 50 ng/kg body weight/day. HIGHLIGHTS No mutagenicity or estrogenicity was detected in water from novel PMMA and PP SODIS reactors continuously exposed to sunshine for nine months.; The E-screen bioassay was used for the first time to test for estrogenicity in the SODIS process.; Water from 2 L and 25 L PET SODIS reactors showed no mutagenicity. Levels of estrogenicity detected were within acceptable limits.;http://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.108amese-screenleachatesplasticssodistoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Paloma Ozores Diez M. Inmaculada Polo-López Azahara Martínez-García Monique Waso Brandon Reyneke Wesaal Khan Kevin G. McGuigan Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez Rosaleen Devery Bríd Quilty In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test H2Open Journal ames e-screen leachates plastics sodis toxicity |
| title | In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test |
| title_full | In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test |
| title_fullStr | In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test |
| title_full_unstemmed | In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test |
| title_short | In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test |
| title_sort | in vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the e screen bioassay and the ames test |
| topic | ames e-screen leachates plastics sodis toxicity |
| url | http://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.108 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT palomaozoresdiez invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT minmaculadapololopez invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT azaharamartinezgarcia invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT moniquewaso invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT brandonreyneke invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT wesaalkhan invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT kevingmcguigan invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT pilarfernandezibanez invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT rosaleendevery invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest AT bridquilty invitrotoxicitystudiesofnovelsolarwaterdisinfectionreactorsusingtheescreenbioassayandtheamestest |