Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review
Biogas, a product of anaerobic digestion process that consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide is a suitable alternative fuel if unwanted impurities are removed as they have a negative impact on the equipment. The most significant technologically troublesome trace compounds that must be removed...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Energies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/22/6088 |
| _version_ | 1797547300213489664 |
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| author | Pardon Nyamukamba Patrick Mukumba Evernice Shelter Chikukwa Golden Makaka |
| author_facet | Pardon Nyamukamba Patrick Mukumba Evernice Shelter Chikukwa Golden Makaka |
| author_sort | Pardon Nyamukamba |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biogas, a product of anaerobic digestion process that consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide is a suitable alternative fuel if unwanted impurities are removed as they have a negative impact on the equipment. The most significant technologically troublesome trace compounds that must be removed are siloxanes since they are converted into silica on gas surface engines and turbines resulting in equipment damage. The quality of the gas is certainly improved by reducing the amount of impurities and the end use determines the extent of biogas cleaning needed. The major aim of this study was to compile information that can assist researchers or even designers in selecting a suitable technology to remove siloxanes. Siloxane removal definitely can be achieved using different methods and the effectiveness of each method relies on careful consideration of the characteristics of both biogas and siloxane, as well as the technological aspects of the method. Herein, we review on different cleaning techniques for siloxanes in raw biogas, the negative effects they have, their levels and technologies to reduce their concentrations. This review also incorporates the sources of the siloxanes, the progress to date on their removal and possible ways of regenerating adsorbents. The reviewed literature suggests that biogas upgrading technology should be promoted and encouraged especially in siloxane removal as it has detrimental effects on engines. The parameters and effectiveness of adsorption processes are discussed, and individual adsorbents are compared. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:41:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d6425d19af0c447d94345bfb5782d5d4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:41:23Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-d6425d19af0c447d94345bfb5782d5d42023-11-20T21:46:12ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732020-11-011322608810.3390/en13226088Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A ReviewPardon Nyamukamba0Patrick Mukumba1Evernice Shelter Chikukwa2Golden Makaka3Physics Department, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South AfricaPhysics Department, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South AfricaChemistry Department, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South AfricaPhysics Department, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South AfricaBiogas, a product of anaerobic digestion process that consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide is a suitable alternative fuel if unwanted impurities are removed as they have a negative impact on the equipment. The most significant technologically troublesome trace compounds that must be removed are siloxanes since they are converted into silica on gas surface engines and turbines resulting in equipment damage. The quality of the gas is certainly improved by reducing the amount of impurities and the end use determines the extent of biogas cleaning needed. The major aim of this study was to compile information that can assist researchers or even designers in selecting a suitable technology to remove siloxanes. Siloxane removal definitely can be achieved using different methods and the effectiveness of each method relies on careful consideration of the characteristics of both biogas and siloxane, as well as the technological aspects of the method. Herein, we review on different cleaning techniques for siloxanes in raw biogas, the negative effects they have, their levels and technologies to reduce their concentrations. This review also incorporates the sources of the siloxanes, the progress to date on their removal and possible ways of regenerating adsorbents. The reviewed literature suggests that biogas upgrading technology should be promoted and encouraged especially in siloxane removal as it has detrimental effects on engines. The parameters and effectiveness of adsorption processes are discussed, and individual adsorbents are compared.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/22/6088abatement techniquesbiogas impuritiesbiogas compositionsiloxane sourcesadsorbentsvolatile methylsiloxanes |
| spellingShingle | Pardon Nyamukamba Patrick Mukumba Evernice Shelter Chikukwa Golden Makaka Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review Energies abatement techniques biogas impurities biogas composition siloxane sources adsorbents volatile methylsiloxanes |
| title | Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review |
| title_full | Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review |
| title_short | Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review |
| title_sort | biogas upgrading approaches with special focus on siloxane removal a review |
| topic | abatement techniques biogas impurities biogas composition siloxane sources adsorbents volatile methylsiloxanes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/22/6088 |
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