Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in Thailand
Soil moisture plays a crucial role in various hydrological processes and energy partitioning of the global surface. The Soil Moisture Active Passive-Sentinel (SMAP-Sentinel) remote-sensing technology has demonstrated great potential for monitoring soil moisture with a maximum spatial resolution of 1...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8828 |
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| author | Apiniti Jotisankasa Kritanai Torsri Soravis Supavetch Kajornsak Sirirodwattanakool Nuttasit Thonglert Rati Sawangwattanaphaibun Apiwat Faikrua Pattarapoom Peangta Jakrapop Akaranee |
| author_facet | Apiniti Jotisankasa Kritanai Torsri Soravis Supavetch Kajornsak Sirirodwattanakool Nuttasit Thonglert Rati Sawangwattanaphaibun Apiwat Faikrua Pattarapoom Peangta Jakrapop Akaranee |
| author_sort | Apiniti Jotisankasa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil moisture plays a crucial role in various hydrological processes and energy partitioning of the global surface. The Soil Moisture Active Passive-Sentinel (SMAP-Sentinel) remote-sensing technology has demonstrated great potential for monitoring soil moisture with a maximum spatial resolution of 1 km. This capability can be applied to improve the weather forecast accuracy, enhance water management for agriculture, and managing climate-related disasters. Despite the techniques being increasingly used worldwide, their accuracy still requires field validation in specific regions like Thailand. In this paper, we report on the extensive in situ monitoring of soil moisture (from surface up to 1 m depth) at 10 stations across Thailand, spanning the years 2021 to 2023. The aim was to validate the SMAP surface-soil moisture (SSM) Level 2 product over a period of two years. Using a one-month averaging approach, the study revealed linear relationships between the two measurement types, with the coefficient of determination (R-squared) varying from 0.13 to 0.58. Notably, areas with more uniform land use and topography such as croplands tended to have a better coefficient of determination. We also conducted detailed soil core characterization, including soil–water retention curves, permeability, porosity, and other physical properties. The basic soil properties were used for estimating the correlation constants between SMAP and in situ soil moistures using multiple linear regression. The results produced R-squared values between 0.933 and 0.847. An upscaling approach to SMAP was proposed that showed promising results when a 3-month average of all measurements in cropland was used together. The finding also suggests that the SMAP-Sentinel remote-sensing technology exhibits significant potential for soil-moisture monitoring in certain applications. Further validation efforts and research, particularly in terms of root-zone depths and area-based assessments, especially in the agricultural sector, can greatly improve the technology’s effectiveness and usefulness in the region. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d64449b4e7ea4e6eb32f879e7656a384 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-d64449b4e7ea4e6eb32f879e7656a3842023-11-10T15:12:15ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-10-012321882810.3390/s23218828Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in ThailandApiniti Jotisankasa0Kritanai Torsri1Soravis Supavetch2Kajornsak Sirirodwattanakool3Nuttasit Thonglert4Rati Sawangwattanaphaibun5Apiwat Faikrua6Pattarapoom Peangta7Jakrapop Akaranee8Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandHydro-Informatics Innovation Division, Hydro-Informatics Institute, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandHydro-Informatics Innovation Division, Hydro-Informatics Institute, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10900, ThailandHydro-Informatics Innovation Division, Hydro-Informatics Institute, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10900, ThailandHydro-Informatics Innovation Division, Hydro-Informatics Institute, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10900, ThailandHydro-Informatics Innovation Division, Hydro-Informatics Institute, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10900, ThailandSoil moisture plays a crucial role in various hydrological processes and energy partitioning of the global surface. The Soil Moisture Active Passive-Sentinel (SMAP-Sentinel) remote-sensing technology has demonstrated great potential for monitoring soil moisture with a maximum spatial resolution of 1 km. This capability can be applied to improve the weather forecast accuracy, enhance water management for agriculture, and managing climate-related disasters. Despite the techniques being increasingly used worldwide, their accuracy still requires field validation in specific regions like Thailand. In this paper, we report on the extensive in situ monitoring of soil moisture (from surface up to 1 m depth) at 10 stations across Thailand, spanning the years 2021 to 2023. The aim was to validate the SMAP surface-soil moisture (SSM) Level 2 product over a period of two years. Using a one-month averaging approach, the study revealed linear relationships between the two measurement types, with the coefficient of determination (R-squared) varying from 0.13 to 0.58. Notably, areas with more uniform land use and topography such as croplands tended to have a better coefficient of determination. We also conducted detailed soil core characterization, including soil–water retention curves, permeability, porosity, and other physical properties. The basic soil properties were used for estimating the correlation constants between SMAP and in situ soil moistures using multiple linear regression. The results produced R-squared values between 0.933 and 0.847. An upscaling approach to SMAP was proposed that showed promising results when a 3-month average of all measurements in cropland was used together. The finding also suggests that the SMAP-Sentinel remote-sensing technology exhibits significant potential for soil-moisture monitoring in certain applications. Further validation efforts and research, particularly in terms of root-zone depths and area-based assessments, especially in the agricultural sector, can greatly improve the technology’s effectiveness and usefulness in the region.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8828soil moistureremote sensingSMAPSentinel-1soil–water retention curvevalidation |
| spellingShingle | Apiniti Jotisankasa Kritanai Torsri Soravis Supavetch Kajornsak Sirirodwattanakool Nuttasit Thonglert Rati Sawangwattanaphaibun Apiwat Faikrua Pattarapoom Peangta Jakrapop Akaranee Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in Thailand Sensors soil moisture remote sensing SMAP Sentinel-1 soil–water retention curve validation |
| title | Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in Thailand |
| title_full | Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in Thailand |
| title_short | Investigating Correlations and the Validation of SMAP-Sentinel L2 and In Situ Soil Moisture in Thailand |
| title_sort | investigating correlations and the validation of smap sentinel l2 and in situ soil moisture in thailand |
| topic | soil moisture remote sensing SMAP Sentinel-1 soil–water retention curve validation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8828 |
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