Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain
The Cross of the Inquisition, sculpted in 1903 and raised on a column with a fluted shaft and ornamented with vegetable garlands, is located in a corner of the Plateresque façade of the Seville City Hall. The Cross was vandalized in September 2019 and the restoration concluded in September 2021. A g...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/6222 |
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| author | Valme Jurado Juan Carlos Cañaveras Antonio Gomez-Bolea Jose Luis Gonzalez-Pimentel Sergio Sanchez-Moral Carlos Costa Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez |
| author_facet | Valme Jurado Juan Carlos Cañaveras Antonio Gomez-Bolea Jose Luis Gonzalez-Pimentel Sergio Sanchez-Moral Carlos Costa Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez |
| author_sort | Valme Jurado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Cross of the Inquisition, sculpted in 1903 and raised on a column with a fluted shaft and ornamented with vegetable garlands, is located in a corner of the Plateresque façade of the Seville City Hall. The Cross was vandalized in September 2019 and the restoration concluded in September 2021. A geological and microbiological study was carried out in a few small fragments. The data are consistent with the exposure of the Cross of the Inquisition to an urban environment for more than 100 years. During that time, a lichen community colonized the Cross and the nearby City Hall façades. The lichens, bryophytes and fungi colonizing the limestone surface composed an urban community, regenerated from the remains of the original communities, after superficial cleaning of the limestone between 2008 and 2010. This biological activity was detrimental to the integrity of the limestone, as showed by the pitting and channels, which evidence the lytic activity of organisms on the stone surface. Stone consolidation was achieved with Estel 1000. Preventol RI80, a biocide able to penetrate the porous limestone and active against bacteria, fungi, lichens, and bryophytes, was applied in the restoration. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:29:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d6491fa5ad4d45c9802edd3f995ea585 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:29:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d6491fa5ad4d45c9802edd3f995ea5852023-11-23T15:29:53ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-06-011212622210.3390/app12126222Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, SpainValme Jurado0Juan Carlos Cañaveras1Antonio Gomez-Bolea2Jose Luis Gonzalez-Pimentel3Sergio Sanchez-Moral4Carlos Costa5Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez6Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012 Sevilla, SpainDepartamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, SpainInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012 Sevilla, SpainMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, SpainAtelier Samthiago, 4900-374 Viana do Castelo, PortugalInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012 Sevilla, SpainThe Cross of the Inquisition, sculpted in 1903 and raised on a column with a fluted shaft and ornamented with vegetable garlands, is located in a corner of the Plateresque façade of the Seville City Hall. The Cross was vandalized in September 2019 and the restoration concluded in September 2021. A geological and microbiological study was carried out in a few small fragments. The data are consistent with the exposure of the Cross of the Inquisition to an urban environment for more than 100 years. During that time, a lichen community colonized the Cross and the nearby City Hall façades. The lichens, bryophytes and fungi colonizing the limestone surface composed an urban community, regenerated from the remains of the original communities, after superficial cleaning of the limestone between 2008 and 2010. This biological activity was detrimental to the integrity of the limestone, as showed by the pitting and channels, which evidence the lytic activity of organisms on the stone surface. Stone consolidation was achieved with Estel 1000. Preventol RI80, a biocide able to penetrate the porous limestone and active against bacteria, fungi, lichens, and bryophytes, was applied in the restoration.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/6222green algaelichens<i>Trebouxia aggregata</i>black fungibryophyteslimestone |
| spellingShingle | Valme Jurado Juan Carlos Cañaveras Antonio Gomez-Bolea Jose Luis Gonzalez-Pimentel Sergio Sanchez-Moral Carlos Costa Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain Applied Sciences green algae lichens <i>Trebouxia aggregata</i> black fungi bryophytes limestone |
| title | Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain |
| title_full | Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain |
| title_fullStr | Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain |
| title_short | Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain |
| title_sort | holistic approach to the restoration of a vandalized monument the cross of the inquisition seville city hall spain |
| topic | green algae lichens <i>Trebouxia aggregata</i> black fungi bryophytes limestone |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/6222 |
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