Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction
Plants uptake and assimilate nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate, ammonium ions, and available amino acids from organic sources. Plant nitrate and ammonium transporters are responsible for nitrate and ammonium translocation from the soil into the roots. The unique structure of these transp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/10/1443 |
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| author | Omar Zayed Omar A. Hewedy Ali Abdelmoteleb Mohammed Ali Mohamed S. Youssef Ahmed F. Roumia Danelle Seymour Ze-Chun Yuan |
| author_facet | Omar Zayed Omar A. Hewedy Ali Abdelmoteleb Mohammed Ali Mohamed S. Youssef Ahmed F. Roumia Danelle Seymour Ze-Chun Yuan |
| author_sort | Omar Zayed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plants uptake and assimilate nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate, ammonium ions, and available amino acids from organic sources. Plant nitrate and ammonium transporters are responsible for nitrate and ammonium translocation from the soil into the roots. The unique structure of these transporters determines the specificity of each transporter, and structural analyses reveal the mechanisms by which these transporters function. Following absorption, the nitrogen metabolism pathway incorporates the nitrogen into organic compounds via glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase that convert ammonium ions into glutamine and glutamate. Different isoforms of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase exist, enabling plants to fine-tune nitrogen metabolism based on environmental cues. Under stressful conditions, nitric oxide has been found to enhance plant survival under drought stress. Furthermore, the interaction between salinity stress and nitrogen availability in plants has been studied, with nitric oxide identified as a potential mediator of responses to salt stress. Conversely, excessive use of nitrate fertilizers can lead to health and environmental issues. Therefore, alternative strategies, such as establishing nitrogen fixation in plants through diazotrophic microbiota, have been explored to reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Ultimately, genomics can identify new genes related to nitrogen fixation, which could be harnessed to improve plant productivity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:24:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d656e58576bf47bd83ffb55766f2e79a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:24:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-d656e58576bf47bd83ffb55766f2e79a2023-11-19T15:49:19ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2023-09-011310144310.3390/biom13101443Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe InteractionOmar Zayed0Omar A. Hewedy1Ali Abdelmoteleb2Mohammed Ali3Mohamed S. Youssef4Ahmed F. Roumia5Danelle Seymour6Ze-Chun Yuan7Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 9250, USAGenetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, EgyptMaryout Research Station, Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, 1 Mathaf El-Matarya St., El-Matareya, Cairo 11753, EgyptBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, EgyptDepartment of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, EgyptDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 9250, USAAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, CanadaPlants uptake and assimilate nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate, ammonium ions, and available amino acids from organic sources. Plant nitrate and ammonium transporters are responsible for nitrate and ammonium translocation from the soil into the roots. The unique structure of these transporters determines the specificity of each transporter, and structural analyses reveal the mechanisms by which these transporters function. Following absorption, the nitrogen metabolism pathway incorporates the nitrogen into organic compounds via glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase that convert ammonium ions into glutamine and glutamate. Different isoforms of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase exist, enabling plants to fine-tune nitrogen metabolism based on environmental cues. Under stressful conditions, nitric oxide has been found to enhance plant survival under drought stress. Furthermore, the interaction between salinity stress and nitrogen availability in plants has been studied, with nitric oxide identified as a potential mediator of responses to salt stress. Conversely, excessive use of nitrate fertilizers can lead to health and environmental issues. Therefore, alternative strategies, such as establishing nitrogen fixation in plants through diazotrophic microbiota, have been explored to reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Ultimately, genomics can identify new genes related to nitrogen fixation, which could be harnessed to improve plant productivity.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/10/1443beneficial microbesnitrogen metabolismnitrogen assimilationnitrate transportersnitrite transportersammonium transporters |
| spellingShingle | Omar Zayed Omar A. Hewedy Ali Abdelmoteleb Mohammed Ali Mohamed S. Youssef Ahmed F. Roumia Danelle Seymour Ze-Chun Yuan Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction Biomolecules beneficial microbes nitrogen metabolism nitrogen assimilation nitrate transporters nitrite transporters ammonium transporters |
| title | Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction |
| title_full | Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction |
| title_fullStr | Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction |
| title_short | Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction |
| title_sort | nitrogen journey in plants from uptake to metabolism stress response and microbe interaction |
| topic | beneficial microbes nitrogen metabolism nitrogen assimilation nitrate transporters nitrite transporters ammonium transporters |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/10/1443 |
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