Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes
Recently, several studies have been conducted on wearable biosensors. Despite being skin-adhesive and mountable diagnostic devices, flexible biosensor patches cannot truly be considered wearable biosensors if they need to be connected to external instruments/processors to provide meaningful data/rea...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/2/221 |
| _version_ | 1827663704867471360 |
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| author | Sook Mei Khor Joonhwa Choi Phillip Won Seung Hwan Ko |
| author_facet | Sook Mei Khor Joonhwa Choi Phillip Won Seung Hwan Ko |
| author_sort | Sook Mei Khor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recently, several studies have been conducted on wearable biosensors. Despite being skin-adhesive and mountable diagnostic devices, flexible biosensor patches cannot truly be considered wearable biosensors if they need to be connected to external instruments/processors to provide meaningful data/readings. A realistic and usable wearable biosensor should be self-contained, with a fully integrated device framework carefully designed and configured to provide reliable and intelligent diagnostics. There are several major challenges to achieving continuous sweat monitoring in real time for the systematic and effective management of type II diabetes (e.g., prevention, screening, monitoring, and treatment) through wearable sweat glucose biosensors. Consequently, further in-depth research regarding the exact interrelationship between active or passive sweat glucose and blood glucose is required to assess the applicability of wearable glucose biosensors in functional health monitoring. This review provides some useful insights that can enable effective critical studies of these unresolved issues. In this review, we first classify wearable glucose biosensors based on their signal transduction, their respective challenges, and the advanced strategies required to overcome them. Subsequently, the challenges and limitations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensors are discussed and compared. Ten basic criteria to be considered and fulfilled in the development of a suitable, workable, and wearable sweat-based glucose biosensor are listed, based on scientific reports from the last five years. We conclude with our outlook for the controllable, well-defined, and non-invasive monitoring of epidermal glucose for maximum diagnostic potential in the effective management of type II diabetes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:49:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d66938bcfdff42129b91d94b9c7731eb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:49:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-d66938bcfdff42129b91d94b9c7731eb2023-11-23T14:54:52ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912022-01-0112222110.3390/nano12020221Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II DiabetesSook Mei Khor0Joonhwa Choi1Phillip Won2Seung Hwan Ko3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, KoreaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, KoreaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, KoreaRecently, several studies have been conducted on wearable biosensors. Despite being skin-adhesive and mountable diagnostic devices, flexible biosensor patches cannot truly be considered wearable biosensors if they need to be connected to external instruments/processors to provide meaningful data/readings. A realistic and usable wearable biosensor should be self-contained, with a fully integrated device framework carefully designed and configured to provide reliable and intelligent diagnostics. There are several major challenges to achieving continuous sweat monitoring in real time for the systematic and effective management of type II diabetes (e.g., prevention, screening, monitoring, and treatment) through wearable sweat glucose biosensors. Consequently, further in-depth research regarding the exact interrelationship between active or passive sweat glucose and blood glucose is required to assess the applicability of wearable glucose biosensors in functional health monitoring. This review provides some useful insights that can enable effective critical studies of these unresolved issues. In this review, we first classify wearable glucose biosensors based on their signal transduction, their respective challenges, and the advanced strategies required to overcome them. Subsequently, the challenges and limitations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensors are discussed and compared. Ten basic criteria to be considered and fulfilled in the development of a suitable, workable, and wearable sweat-based glucose biosensor are listed, based on scientific reports from the last five years. We conclude with our outlook for the controllable, well-defined, and non-invasive monitoring of epidermal glucose for maximum diagnostic potential in the effective management of type II diabetes.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/2/221flexible patchreal-time sweat monitoringtype II diabetesenzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensor |
| spellingShingle | Sook Mei Khor Joonhwa Choi Phillip Won Seung Hwan Ko Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes Nanomaterials flexible patch real-time sweat monitoring type II diabetes enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensor |
| title | Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes |
| title_full | Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes |
| title_fullStr | Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes |
| title_short | Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes |
| title_sort | challenges and strategies in developing an enzymatic wearable sweat glucose biosensor as a practical point of care monitoring tool for type ii diabetes |
| topic | flexible patch real-time sweat monitoring type II diabetes enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/2/221 |
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