Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines
Questions and concerns regarding the efficacy and immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have plagued scientists since the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was introduced in late 2020. As a result, decisions about vaccine boosters based on breakthrough infection rates and the decline of...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Antibodies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/11/2/35 |
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| author | Mohammad Reza Sepand Banafsheh Bigdelou Jim Q. Ho Mohammad Sharaf Alexis J. Lannigan Ian M. Sullivan Alecsander P. da Silva Leland O. Barrett Scott McGoldrick Yuvraj Lnu Shannon E. Lynch Jared M. Boisclair Dakarai D. Barnard-Pratt Steven Zanganeh |
| author_facet | Mohammad Reza Sepand Banafsheh Bigdelou Jim Q. Ho Mohammad Sharaf Alexis J. Lannigan Ian M. Sullivan Alecsander P. da Silva Leland O. Barrett Scott McGoldrick Yuvraj Lnu Shannon E. Lynch Jared M. Boisclair Dakarai D. Barnard-Pratt Steven Zanganeh |
| author_sort | Mohammad Reza Sepand |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Questions and concerns regarding the efficacy and immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have plagued scientists since the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was introduced in late 2020. As a result, decisions about vaccine boosters based on breakthrough infection rates and the decline of antibody titers have commanded worldwide attention and research. COVID-19 patients have displayed continued severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-spike-protein-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in longitudinal studies; in addition, cytokine activation has been detected at early steps following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epitopes that are highly reactive and can mediate long-term antibody responses have been identified at the spike and ORF1ab proteins. The N-terminal domain of the S1 and S2 subunits is the location of important SARS-CoV-2 spike protein epitopes. High sequence identity between earlier and newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 and different degrees of sequence homology among endemic human coronaviruses have been observed. Understanding the extent and duration of protective immunity is consequential for determining the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further knowledge of memory responses to different variants of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to improve the design of the vaccine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:35:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d699bc13174a40b5985c41144cc81a32 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4468 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:35:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibodies |
| spelling | doaj.art-d699bc13174a40b5985c41144cc81a322023-11-23T15:18:18ZengMDPI AGAntibodies2073-44682022-05-011123510.3390/antib11020035Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 VaccinesMohammad Reza Sepand0Banafsheh Bigdelou1Jim Q. Ho2Mohammad Sharaf3Alexis J. Lannigan4Ian M. Sullivan5Alecsander P. da Silva6Leland O. Barrett7Scott McGoldrick8Yuvraj Lnu9Shannon E. Lynch10Jared M. Boisclair11Dakarai D. Barnard-Pratt12Steven Zanganeh13Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USADepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USAQuestions and concerns regarding the efficacy and immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have plagued scientists since the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was introduced in late 2020. As a result, decisions about vaccine boosters based on breakthrough infection rates and the decline of antibody titers have commanded worldwide attention and research. COVID-19 patients have displayed continued severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-spike-protein-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in longitudinal studies; in addition, cytokine activation has been detected at early steps following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epitopes that are highly reactive and can mediate long-term antibody responses have been identified at the spike and ORF1ab proteins. The N-terminal domain of the S1 and S2 subunits is the location of important SARS-CoV-2 spike protein epitopes. High sequence identity between earlier and newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 and different degrees of sequence homology among endemic human coronaviruses have been observed. Understanding the extent and duration of protective immunity is consequential for determining the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further knowledge of memory responses to different variants of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to improve the design of the vaccine.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/11/2/35SARS-CoV-2immunogenicityvaccineCOVID-19antibodies |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Reza Sepand Banafsheh Bigdelou Jim Q. Ho Mohammad Sharaf Alexis J. Lannigan Ian M. Sullivan Alecsander P. da Silva Leland O. Barrett Scott McGoldrick Yuvraj Lnu Shannon E. Lynch Jared M. Boisclair Dakarai D. Barnard-Pratt Steven Zanganeh Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines Antibodies SARS-CoV-2 immunogenicity vaccine COVID-19 antibodies |
| title | Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_full | Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_fullStr | Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_short | Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_sort | long term immunity and antibody response challenges for developing efficient covid 19 vaccines |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 immunogenicity vaccine COVID-19 antibodies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/11/2/35 |
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