β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple Fruits
Fruit body rot and calyx rot caused by <i>Alternaria alternata</i> f. sp. <i>mali</i> is an important disease of apple worldwide. The disease has recently become severe in cv. Pink Lady apple in Israel to an extent that has never been reported elsewhere in the world. No alter...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/7/564 |
| _version_ | 1797526821643747328 |
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| author | Lior Gur Moshe Reuveni Yigal Cohen |
| author_facet | Lior Gur Moshe Reuveni Yigal Cohen |
| author_sort | Lior Gur |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fruit body rot and calyx rot caused by <i>Alternaria alternata</i> f. sp. <i>mali</i> is an important disease of apple worldwide. The disease has recently become severe in cv. Pink Lady apple in Israel to an extent that has never been reported elsewhere in the world. No alternative control measures of the disease except fungicides are known. Here, we show for the first time that <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dl</span>-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) induces resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> fruit rot (AFR) in apple fruits in the laboratory and in the orchard. AFR was inhibited in fruits treated with BABA of 1000 μg/mL. BABA did not inhibit spore germination or mycelial growth of the pathogen in vitro (up to 2000 μg/mL). It was most inhibitory when applied 4 days prior to inoculation of detached fruits. BABA inhibited AFR also curatively when applied at 24 h post inoculation. Five other isomers of aminobutyric acid failed to protect the fruits from rot formation. Three field trials in commercial apple orchards proved that BABA was as protective against AFR as the commercial standard fungicidal mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. This research suggests that BABA may serve as a resistance inducer in apple against AFR. It can be used as an adequate alternative to the currently used fungicides or integrated in disease management programs to reduce fungicide load and buildup of fungicide resistance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:35:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d69b4e67be2e45f3a04b7ab846a67596 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:35:45Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-d69b4e67be2e45f3a04b7ab846a675962023-11-22T04:10:08ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2021-07-017756410.3390/jof7070564β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple FruitsLior Gur0Moshe Reuveni1Yigal Cohen2Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Katzrin 1290000, IsraelShamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Katzrin 1290000, IsraelFaculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, IsraelFruit body rot and calyx rot caused by <i>Alternaria alternata</i> f. sp. <i>mali</i> is an important disease of apple worldwide. The disease has recently become severe in cv. Pink Lady apple in Israel to an extent that has never been reported elsewhere in the world. No alternative control measures of the disease except fungicides are known. Here, we show for the first time that <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dl</span>-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) induces resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> fruit rot (AFR) in apple fruits in the laboratory and in the orchard. AFR was inhibited in fruits treated with BABA of 1000 μg/mL. BABA did not inhibit spore germination or mycelial growth of the pathogen in vitro (up to 2000 μg/mL). It was most inhibitory when applied 4 days prior to inoculation of detached fruits. BABA inhibited AFR also curatively when applied at 24 h post inoculation. Five other isomers of aminobutyric acid failed to protect the fruits from rot formation. Three field trials in commercial apple orchards proved that BABA was as protective against AFR as the commercial standard fungicidal mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. This research suggests that BABA may serve as a resistance inducer in apple against AFR. It can be used as an adequate alternative to the currently used fungicides or integrated in disease management programs to reduce fungicide load and buildup of fungicide resistance.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/7/564<i>Alternaria mali</i><i>Alternaria alternata</i> apple pathotypeBABAdisease controlinduced resistanceplant defense activators |
| spellingShingle | Lior Gur Moshe Reuveni Yigal Cohen β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple Fruits Journal of Fungi <i>Alternaria mali</i> <i>Alternaria alternata</i> apple pathotype BABA disease control induced resistance plant defense activators |
| title | β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple Fruits |
| title_full | β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple Fruits |
| title_fullStr | β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple Fruits |
| title_full_unstemmed | β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple Fruits |
| title_short | β-Aminobutyric Acid Induced Resistance against <i>Alternaria</i> Fruit Rot in Apple Fruits |
| title_sort | β aminobutyric acid induced resistance against i alternaria i fruit rot in apple fruits |
| topic | <i>Alternaria mali</i> <i>Alternaria alternata</i> apple pathotype BABA disease control induced resistance plant defense activators |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/7/564 |
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