The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands
The yak (Bos grunniens), an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level, is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability, livelihood security, socio-economic development, and ethnic cultural traditions in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Animal Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405654522000294 |
| _version_ | 1818116812903022592 |
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| author | Xiaoping Jing Luming Ding Jianwei Zhou Xiaodan Huang Allan Degen Ruijun Long |
| author_facet | Xiaoping Jing Luming Ding Jianwei Zhou Xiaodan Huang Allan Degen Ruijun Long |
| author_sort | Xiaoping Jing |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The yak (Bos grunniens), an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level, is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability, livelihood security, socio-economic development, and ethnic cultural traditions in the Asian highlands. They provide the highlanders with meat, milk, fibres, leather and dung (fuel). They are also used as pack animals to transport goods, for travel and ploughing, and are important in many religious and traditional ceremonies. The Asian highlands are known for an extremely, harsh environment, namely low air temperature and oxygen content and high ultraviolet light and winds. Pasture availability fluctuates greatly, with sparse pasture of poor quality over the long seven-month cold winter. After long-term natural and artificial selections, yaks have adapted excellently to the harsh conditions: 1) by genomics, with positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response and energy metabolism; 2) anatomically, including a short tongue with a weak sense of taste, and large lung and heart; 3) physiologically, by insensitivity to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, maintaining foetal haemoglobin throughout life, and low heart rate and heat production in the cold season; 4) behaviourlly, by efficient grazing and selecting forbs with high nutritional contents; 5) by low nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and low methane emission and nitrogen excretion, namely, ‘Low-Carbon’ and ‘Nitrogen-Saving’ traits; 6) by harboring unique rumen microbiota with a distinct maturation pattern, that has co-evolved with host metabolism. This review aims to provide an overview of the comprehensive adaptive strategies of the yak to the severe conditions of the highlands. A better understanding of these strategies that yaks employ to adapt to the harsh environment could be used in improving their production, breeding and management, and gaining benefits in ecosystem service and a more resilient livelihood to climate change in the Asian highlands. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T04:28:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d6b647b2efdf407584f107b4c6b82548 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-6545 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T04:28:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animal Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-d6b647b2efdf407584f107b4c6b825482022-12-22T01:20:56ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Animal Nutrition2405-65452022-06-019249258The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlandsXiaoping Jing0Luming Ding1Jianwei Zhou2Xiaodan Huang3Allan Degen4Ruijun Long5State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaDesert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva 8410500, IsraelState Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Corresponding author.The yak (Bos grunniens), an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level, is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability, livelihood security, socio-economic development, and ethnic cultural traditions in the Asian highlands. They provide the highlanders with meat, milk, fibres, leather and dung (fuel). They are also used as pack animals to transport goods, for travel and ploughing, and are important in many religious and traditional ceremonies. The Asian highlands are known for an extremely, harsh environment, namely low air temperature and oxygen content and high ultraviolet light and winds. Pasture availability fluctuates greatly, with sparse pasture of poor quality over the long seven-month cold winter. After long-term natural and artificial selections, yaks have adapted excellently to the harsh conditions: 1) by genomics, with positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response and energy metabolism; 2) anatomically, including a short tongue with a weak sense of taste, and large lung and heart; 3) physiologically, by insensitivity to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, maintaining foetal haemoglobin throughout life, and low heart rate and heat production in the cold season; 4) behaviourlly, by efficient grazing and selecting forbs with high nutritional contents; 5) by low nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and low methane emission and nitrogen excretion, namely, ‘Low-Carbon’ and ‘Nitrogen-Saving’ traits; 6) by harboring unique rumen microbiota with a distinct maturation pattern, that has co-evolved with host metabolism. This review aims to provide an overview of the comprehensive adaptive strategies of the yak to the severe conditions of the highlands. A better understanding of these strategies that yaks employ to adapt to the harsh environment could be used in improving their production, breeding and management, and gaining benefits in ecosystem service and a more resilient livelihood to climate change in the Asian highlands.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405654522000294YakAdaptive strategyGrazing behaviourNutrient metabolismGastrointestinal microbiome |
| spellingShingle | Xiaoping Jing Luming Ding Jianwei Zhou Xiaodan Huang Allan Degen Ruijun Long The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands Animal Nutrition Yak Adaptive strategy Grazing behaviour Nutrient metabolism Gastrointestinal microbiome |
| title | The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands |
| title_full | The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands |
| title_fullStr | The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands |
| title_full_unstemmed | The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands |
| title_short | The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands |
| title_sort | adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the asian highlands |
| topic | Yak Adaptive strategy Grazing behaviour Nutrient metabolism Gastrointestinal microbiome |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405654522000294 |
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