Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditione...
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/9/12/422 |
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| author | Junko Nakai Yuki Totani Dai Hatakeyama Varvara E. Dyakonova Etsuro Ito |
| author_facet | Junko Nakai Yuki Totani Dai Hatakeyama Varvara E. Dyakonova Etsuro Ito |
| author_sort | Junko Nakai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), (3) a very-long-delay presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and (4) single-trial learning. The pond snail, <i>Lymnaea stagnalis,</i> can also form a CTA. Although the negative symptoms, like nausea, in humans cannot be easily observed in invertebrate animal models of CTA, all the other characteristics of CTA seem to be present in snails. Selective associability was confirmed using a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. Once snails form a CTA, repeated presentation of the CS does not extinguish the CTA. A long interstimulus interval between the CS and US, like in trace conditioning, still results in the formation of a CTA in snails. Lastly, even single-trial learning has been demonstrated with a certain probability. In the present review, we compare, in detail, CTA in mammals and snails, and discuss the possible molecular events in CTA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:32:28Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:32:28Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d6c39f23ed6b4d569694439d739b225e2023-11-20T22:31:31ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372020-11-0191242210.3390/biology9120422Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of SnailsJunko Nakai0Yuki Totani1Dai Hatakeyama2Varvara E. Dyakonova3Etsuro Ito4Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, JapanDepartment of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, JapanFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, JapanKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, RussiaDepartment of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, JapanConditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), (3) a very-long-delay presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and (4) single-trial learning. The pond snail, <i>Lymnaea stagnalis,</i> can also form a CTA. Although the negative symptoms, like nausea, in humans cannot be easily observed in invertebrate animal models of CTA, all the other characteristics of CTA seem to be present in snails. Selective associability was confirmed using a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. Once snails form a CTA, repeated presentation of the CS does not extinguish the CTA. A long interstimulus interval between the CS and US, like in trace conditioning, still results in the formation of a CTA in snails. Lastly, even single-trial learning has been demonstrated with a certain probability. In the present review, we compare, in detail, CTA in mammals and snails, and discuss the possible molecular events in CTA.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/9/12/422conditioned taste aversioninsulinlong-delay learning<i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i>selective associabilitysingle-trial learning |
| spellingShingle | Junko Nakai Yuki Totani Dai Hatakeyama Varvara E. Dyakonova Etsuro Ito Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails Biology conditioned taste aversion insulin long-delay learning <i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i> selective associability single-trial learning |
| title | Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails |
| title_full | Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails |
| title_fullStr | Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails |
| title_full_unstemmed | Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails |
| title_short | Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails |
| title_sort | another example of conditioned taste aversion case of snails |
| topic | conditioned taste aversion insulin long-delay learning <i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i> selective associability single-trial learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/9/12/422 |
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