Optimal timing and sequence of combining stereotactic radiosurgery with immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating brain metastases: clinical evidence and mechanistic basis

Optimal timing and sequence of combining stereotactic radiosurgery with immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating brain metastases: clinical evidence and mechanistic basis

Abstract Recent evidence has shown that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are efficacious for treating brain metastases of various primary tumors. However, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) or blood-tumor barrier (BTB) essentially restrict the efficacy...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Wentao Tian, Xianjing Chu, Guilong Tanzhu, Rongrong Zhou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2023-04-01
Series:Journal of Translational Medicine
Subjects:
Cancer combination therapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Brain metastases
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04089-4

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