Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under Confinement
The acoustic emission, AE, from avalanches of local cracks and microstructural changes of sandstone under confined compression have been reported. These avalanches soften the underlying minerals and play a key role as indicators for the prediction of geo-engineering disasters, such as mining collaps...
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MDPI AG
2019-11-01
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| Series: | Crystals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/11/582 |
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| author | Yunfeng Zhao Hanlong Liu Kainan Xie Ekhard K.H. Salje Xiang Jiang |
| author_facet | Yunfeng Zhao Hanlong Liu Kainan Xie Ekhard K.H. Salje Xiang Jiang |
| author_sort | Yunfeng Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The acoustic emission, AE, from avalanches of local cracks and microstructural changes of sandstone under confined compression have been reported. These avalanches soften the underlying minerals and play a key role as indicators for the prediction of geo-engineering disasters, such as mining collapses, rock outbursts caused by high ground stress, and man-made quakes by fracking. Compressed sandstone is a model material for the investigation of avalanches. The avalanche energies, amplitudes, and waiting times show the probability distributions that allow us to distinguish between three compression stages; namely, (I) pre-failure, (II) correlated failure, and (III) post-failure. The energy of stage I and stage II is power-law distributed and scale invariant, while post-failure experiments show power laws with high exponential damping (friction). The scaling behavior is close to the predictions of a mean-field (MF) model (stage II) and a force-integrated mean-field model (stage I). Confinement shifts the value of the energy exponent closer to the MF prediction. Omori’s law and waiting time distributions are independent of stress during the compression; their scaling exponents are very similar to those found in seismological studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T02:15:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d6cfba05cda643d1807ea6d3c6074282 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4352 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T02:15:53Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Crystals |
| spelling | doaj.art-d6cfba05cda643d1807ea6d3c60742822022-12-22T02:18:12ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522019-11-0191158210.3390/cryst9110582cryst9110582Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under ConfinementYunfeng Zhao0Hanlong Liu1Kainan Xie2Ekhard K.H. Salje3Xiang Jiang4School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, ChinaDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UKSchool of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, ChinaThe acoustic emission, AE, from avalanches of local cracks and microstructural changes of sandstone under confined compression have been reported. These avalanches soften the underlying minerals and play a key role as indicators for the prediction of geo-engineering disasters, such as mining collapses, rock outbursts caused by high ground stress, and man-made quakes by fracking. Compressed sandstone is a model material for the investigation of avalanches. The avalanche energies, amplitudes, and waiting times show the probability distributions that allow us to distinguish between three compression stages; namely, (I) pre-failure, (II) correlated failure, and (III) post-failure. The energy of stage I and stage II is power-law distributed and scale invariant, while post-failure experiments show power laws with high exponential damping (friction). The scaling behavior is close to the predictions of a mean-field (MF) model (stage II) and a force-integrated mean-field model (stage I). Confinement shifts the value of the energy exponent closer to the MF prediction. Omori’s law and waiting time distributions are independent of stress during the compression; their scaling exponents are very similar to those found in seismological studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/11/582sandstoneacoustic emissioncrackling noisemean-field model |
| spellingShingle | Yunfeng Zhao Hanlong Liu Kainan Xie Ekhard K.H. Salje Xiang Jiang Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under Confinement Crystals sandstone acoustic emission crackling noise mean-field model |
| title | Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under Confinement |
| title_full | Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under Confinement |
| title_fullStr | Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under Confinement |
| title_full_unstemmed | Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under Confinement |
| title_short | Avalanches in Compressed Sandstone: Crackling Noise under Confinement |
| title_sort | avalanches in compressed sandstone crackling noise under confinement |
| topic | sandstone acoustic emission crackling noise mean-field model |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/9/11/582 |
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