The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> Rhodopsin
Vertebrate and fly rhodopsins are prototypical GPCRs that have served for a long time as model systems for understanding GPCR signaling. Although all rhodopsins seem to become phosphorylated at their C-terminal region following activation by light, the role of this phosphorylation is not uniform. Tw...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14674 |
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| author | Thomas K. Smylla Krystina Wagner Armin Huber |
| author_facet | Thomas K. Smylla Krystina Wagner Armin Huber |
| author_sort | Thomas K. Smylla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vertebrate and fly rhodopsins are prototypical GPCRs that have served for a long time as model systems for understanding GPCR signaling. Although all rhodopsins seem to become phosphorylated at their C-terminal region following activation by light, the role of this phosphorylation is not uniform. Two major functions of rhodopsin phosphorylation have been described: (1) inactivation of the activated rhodopsin either directly or by facilitating binding of arrestins in order to shut down the visual signaling cascade and thus eventually enabling a high-temporal resolution of the visual system. (2) Facilitating endocytosis of activated receptors via arrestin binding that in turn recruits clathrin to the membrane for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In vertebrate rhodopsins the shutdown of the signaling cascade may be the main function of rhodopsin phosphorylation, as phosphorylation alone already quenches transducin activation and, in addition, strongly enhances arrestin binding. In the <i>Drosophila</i> visual system rhodopsin phosphorylation is not needed for receptor inactivation. Its role here may rather lie in the recruitment of arrestin 1 and subsequent endocytosis of the activated receptor. In this review, we summarize investigations of fly rhodopsin phosphorylation spanning four decades and contextualize them with regard to the most recent insights from vertebrate phosphorylation barcode theory. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:46:53Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:46:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d70a72ec63114ec5a24f9ee1959aee242023-11-24T11:06:06ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-11-0123231467410.3390/ijms232314674The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> RhodopsinThomas K. Smylla0Krystina Wagner1Armin Huber2Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, GermanyVertebrate and fly rhodopsins are prototypical GPCRs that have served for a long time as model systems for understanding GPCR signaling. Although all rhodopsins seem to become phosphorylated at their C-terminal region following activation by light, the role of this phosphorylation is not uniform. Two major functions of rhodopsin phosphorylation have been described: (1) inactivation of the activated rhodopsin either directly or by facilitating binding of arrestins in order to shut down the visual signaling cascade and thus eventually enabling a high-temporal resolution of the visual system. (2) Facilitating endocytosis of activated receptors via arrestin binding that in turn recruits clathrin to the membrane for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In vertebrate rhodopsins the shutdown of the signaling cascade may be the main function of rhodopsin phosphorylation, as phosphorylation alone already quenches transducin activation and, in addition, strongly enhances arrestin binding. In the <i>Drosophila</i> visual system rhodopsin phosphorylation is not needed for receptor inactivation. Its role here may rather lie in the recruitment of arrestin 1 and subsequent endocytosis of the activated receptor. In this review, we summarize investigations of fly rhodopsin phosphorylation spanning four decades and contextualize them with regard to the most recent insights from vertebrate phosphorylation barcode theory.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14674GPCR signalingrhodopsin phosphorylation<i>Drosophila</i> eyevisual systemarrestin bindingreceptor internalization |
| spellingShingle | Thomas K. Smylla Krystina Wagner Armin Huber The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> Rhodopsin International Journal of Molecular Sciences GPCR signaling rhodopsin phosphorylation <i>Drosophila</i> eye visual system arrestin binding receptor internalization |
| title | The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> Rhodopsin |
| title_full | The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> Rhodopsin |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> Rhodopsin |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> Rhodopsin |
| title_short | The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of <i>Drosophila</i> Rhodopsin |
| title_sort | role of reversible phosphorylation of i drosophila i rhodopsin |
| topic | GPCR signaling rhodopsin phosphorylation <i>Drosophila</i> eye visual system arrestin binding receptor internalization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14674 |
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