Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine
Brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) can form during the chlorination of drinking water in treatment plants (DWTP). Regulations exist for a small subset of Br-DBPs; however, hundreds of unregulated Br-DBPs have been detected, and limited information exists on their occurrence, concentration...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Eco-Environment & Health |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772985022000308 |
| _version_ | 1797347042841853952 |
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| author | Christena Watts Jianxian Sun Paul D. Jones Hui Peng John P. Giesy |
| author_facet | Christena Watts Jianxian Sun Paul D. Jones Hui Peng John P. Giesy |
| author_sort | Christena Watts |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) can form during the chlorination of drinking water in treatment plants (DWTP). Regulations exist for a small subset of Br-DBPs; however, hundreds of unregulated Br-DBPs have been detected, and limited information exists on their occurrence, concentrations, and seasonal trends. Here, a data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment (DIPIC-Frag) method were optimized to screen chlorinated waters for Br-DBPs. There were 553 Br-DBPs detected with m/z values ranging from 170.884 to 497.0278 and chromatographic retention times from 2.4 to 26.2 min. With MS2 information, structures for 40 of the 54 most abundant Br-DBPs were predicted. The method was then applied to a year-long study in which raw, clear well, and finished water were analyzed monthly. The 54 most abundant unregulated Br-DBPs were subjected to trend analysis. Br-DBPs with higher oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) and bromine-to-carbon (Br/C) ratios increased as water moved from the clear well to the finished stage, which indicated the dynamic formation of Br-DBPs. Monthly trends of unregulated Br-DBPs were compared to raw water parameters, such as natural organic matter, temperature, and total bromine, but no correlations were observed. It was found that total concentrations of bromine (TBr) in finished water (0.04–0.12 mg/L) were consistently and significantly greater than in raw water (0.013–0.038 mg/L, P < 0.001), suggesting the introduction of bromine during the disinfection process. Concentrations of TBr in treatment units, rather than raw water, were significantly correlated to 34 of the Br-DBPs at α = 0.05. This study provides the first evidence that monthly trends of unregulated Br-DBPs can be associated with the concentration of TBr in treated waters. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:41:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d710b0debbb34bfc9369f4cae5f34af9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2772-9850 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:41:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Eco-Environment & Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-d710b0debbb34bfc9369f4cae5f34af92024-01-25T05:24:27ZengElsevierEco-Environment & Health2772-98502022-09-0113147155Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromineChristena Watts0Jianxian Sun1Paul D. Jones2Hui Peng3John P. Giesy4Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, CanadaToxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, CanadaToxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, CanadaToxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, CanadaToxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Zoology Department, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA; Corresponding author.Brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) can form during the chlorination of drinking water in treatment plants (DWTP). Regulations exist for a small subset of Br-DBPs; however, hundreds of unregulated Br-DBPs have been detected, and limited information exists on their occurrence, concentrations, and seasonal trends. Here, a data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment (DIPIC-Frag) method were optimized to screen chlorinated waters for Br-DBPs. There were 553 Br-DBPs detected with m/z values ranging from 170.884 to 497.0278 and chromatographic retention times from 2.4 to 26.2 min. With MS2 information, structures for 40 of the 54 most abundant Br-DBPs were predicted. The method was then applied to a year-long study in which raw, clear well, and finished water were analyzed monthly. The 54 most abundant unregulated Br-DBPs were subjected to trend analysis. Br-DBPs with higher oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) and bromine-to-carbon (Br/C) ratios increased as water moved from the clear well to the finished stage, which indicated the dynamic formation of Br-DBPs. Monthly trends of unregulated Br-DBPs were compared to raw water parameters, such as natural organic matter, temperature, and total bromine, but no correlations were observed. It was found that total concentrations of bromine (TBr) in finished water (0.04–0.12 mg/L) were consistently and significantly greater than in raw water (0.013–0.038 mg/L, P < 0.001), suggesting the introduction of bromine during the disinfection process. Concentrations of TBr in treatment units, rather than raw water, were significantly correlated to 34 of the Br-DBPs at α = 0.05. This study provides the first evidence that monthly trends of unregulated Br-DBPs can be associated with the concentration of TBr in treated waters.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772985022000308Natural organic matterBromineChlorinationDrinking water treatmentHigh-resolution mass spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Christena Watts Jianxian Sun Paul D. Jones Hui Peng John P. Giesy Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine Eco-Environment & Health Natural organic matter Bromine Chlorination Drinking water treatment High-resolution mass spectrometry |
| title | Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine |
| title_full | Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine |
| title_fullStr | Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine |
| title_short | Monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by-products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine |
| title_sort | monthly variations of unregulated brominated disinfection by products in chlorinated water are correlated with total bromine |
| topic | Natural organic matter Bromine Chlorination Drinking water treatment High-resolution mass spectrometry |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772985022000308 |
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