Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> Infection
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus <i>Phytophthora</i>. <i>Phytophthora</i> spp. have a large rep...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/6/1139 |
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| author | Kayla A. Midgley Noëlani van den Berg Velushka Swart |
| author_facet | Kayla A. Midgley Noëlani van den Berg Velushka Swart |
| author_sort | Kayla A. Midgley |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus <i>Phytophthora</i>. <i>Phytophthora</i> spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of <i>Phytophthora</i> effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate <i>Phytophthora</i> effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in <i>Phytophthora’s</i> ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize <i>Phytophthora</i> effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i>. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of <i>Phytophthora</i> spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:00:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d718a8c6e92b4ceeb7d20a02d26b7b16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:00:27Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-d718a8c6e92b4ceeb7d20a02d26b7b162023-11-23T18:03:38ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-05-01106113910.3390/microorganisms10061139Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> InfectionKayla A. Midgley0Noëlani van den Berg1Velushka Swart2Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South AfricaOomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus <i>Phytophthora</i>. <i>Phytophthora</i> spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of <i>Phytophthora</i> effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate <i>Phytophthora</i> effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in <i>Phytophthora’s</i> ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize <i>Phytophthora</i> effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i>. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of <i>Phytophthora</i> spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/6/1139plant pathologynecrosishemi-biotrophagroinfiltrationCRN |
| spellingShingle | Kayla A. Midgley Noëlani van den Berg Velushka Swart Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> Infection Microorganisms plant pathology necrosis hemi-biotroph agroinfiltration CRN |
| title | Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> Infection |
| title_full | Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> Infection |
| title_fullStr | Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> Infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> Infection |
| title_short | Unraveling Plant Cell Death during <i>Phytophthora</i> Infection |
| title_sort | unraveling plant cell death during i phytophthora i infection |
| topic | plant pathology necrosis hemi-biotroph agroinfiltration CRN |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/6/1139 |
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