Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar?
Summary: Grids require electricity storage. Two emerging storage technologies are battery storage (BS) and green hydrogen storage (GHS) (hydrogen produced and compressed with clean-renewable electricity, stored, then returned to electricity with a fuel cell). An important question is whether GHS alo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-02-01
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| Series: | iScience |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004224002098 |
| _version_ | 1797322452420788224 |
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| author | Mark Z. Jacobson |
| author_facet | Mark Z. Jacobson |
| author_sort | Mark Z. Jacobson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Summary: Grids require electricity storage. Two emerging storage technologies are battery storage (BS) and green hydrogen storage (GHS) (hydrogen produced and compressed with clean-renewable electricity, stored, then returned to electricity with a fuel cell). An important question is whether GHS alone decreases system cost versus BS alone or BS + GHS. Here, energy costs are modeled in 145 countries grouped into 24 regions. Existing conventional hydropower (CH) storage is used along with new BS and/or GHS. A method is developed to treat CH for both baseload and peaking power. In four regions, only CH is needed. In five, CH + BS is the lowest cost. Otherwise, CH + BS + GHS is the lowest cost. CH + GHS is never the lowest cost. A metric helps estimate whether combining GHS with BS reduces cost. In most regions, merging (versus separating) grid and non-grid hydrogen infrastructure reduces cost. In sum, worldwide grid stability may be possible with CH + BS or CH + BS + GHS. Results are subject to uncertainties. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T05:14:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d74ea7af2e8b414d988002be2951edd1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2589-0042 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T05:14:32Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | iScience |
| spelling | doaj.art-d74ea7af2e8b414d988002be2951edd12024-02-07T04:45:30ZengElsevieriScience2589-00422024-02-01272108988Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar?Mark Z. Jacobson0Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA; Corresponding authorSummary: Grids require electricity storage. Two emerging storage technologies are battery storage (BS) and green hydrogen storage (GHS) (hydrogen produced and compressed with clean-renewable electricity, stored, then returned to electricity with a fuel cell). An important question is whether GHS alone decreases system cost versus BS alone or BS + GHS. Here, energy costs are modeled in 145 countries grouped into 24 regions. Existing conventional hydropower (CH) storage is used along with new BS and/or GHS. A method is developed to treat CH for both baseload and peaking power. In four regions, only CH is needed. In five, CH + BS is the lowest cost. Otherwise, CH + BS + GHS is the lowest cost. CH + GHS is never the lowest cost. A metric helps estimate whether combining GHS with BS reduces cost. In most regions, merging (versus separating) grid and non-grid hydrogen infrastructure reduces cost. In sum, worldwide grid stability may be possible with CH + BS or CH + BS + GHS. Results are subject to uncertainties.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004224002098Energy policyEngineeringEnergy managementEnergy Modelling |
| spellingShingle | Mark Z. Jacobson Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar? iScience Energy policy Engineering Energy management Energy Modelling |
| title | Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar? |
| title_full | Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar? |
| title_fullStr | Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar? |
| title_short | Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar? |
| title_sort | batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind water solar |
| topic | Energy policy Engineering Energy management Energy Modelling |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004224002098 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT markzjacobson batteriesorhydrogenorbothforgridelectricitystorageuponfullelectrificationof145countrieswithwindwatersolar |