Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy
In this study, the authors have designed biocompatible nano-vesicles using graphene oxide (GO) for the release of chlorambucil (CHL) drugs targeting cancerous cells. The GO sheets were first sulfonated and conjugated with folic acid (FA) molecules for controlled release and high loading efficiency o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/2/649 |
| _version_ | 1797618710618308608 |
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| author | Surabhi Kumari Anuj Nehra Kshitij Gupta Anu Puri Vinay Kumar Krishna Pal Singh Mukesh Kumar Ashutosh Sharma |
| author_facet | Surabhi Kumari Anuj Nehra Kshitij Gupta Anu Puri Vinay Kumar Krishna Pal Singh Mukesh Kumar Ashutosh Sharma |
| author_sort | Surabhi Kumari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the authors have designed biocompatible nano-vesicles using graphene oxide (GO) for the release of chlorambucil (CHL) drugs targeting cancerous cells. The GO sheets were first sulfonated and conjugated with folic acid (FA) molecules for controlled release and high loading efficiency of CHL. The chlorambucil (CHL) drug loading onto the functionalized GO surface was performed through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic planes of GO. The drug loading and “in vitro” release from the nano-vesicles at different pH were studied. The average particle size, absorption, and loading efficiency (%) of FA-conjugated GO sheets (CHL-GO) were observed to be 300 nm, 58%, and 77%, respectively. The drug release study at different pH (i.e., 7.4 and 5.5) showed a slight deceleration at pH 7.4 over pH 5.5. The amount of drug released was very small at pH 7.4 in the first hour which progressively increased to 24% after 8 h. The rate of drug release was faster at pH 5.5; initially, 16% to 27% in the first 3 h, and finally it reached 73% after 9 h. These observations indicate that the drug is released more rapidly at acidic pH with a larger amount of drug-loading ability. The rate of drug release from the CHL-loaded GO was 25% and 75% after 24 h. The biotoxicity study in terms of % cell viability of CHL-free and CHL-loaded GO against human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line was found to have lower cytotoxicity of CHL-loaded nano-vesicles (IC<sub>50</sub> = 18 μM) as compared to CHL-free (IC<sub>50</sub> = 8 μM). It is concluded that a high drug-loading efficiency and controlled release with excellent biotoxicity of CHL-GO offers an excellent application in the biomedical field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:17:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d789469aa0ee4c0bbafb5d41debf5442 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:17:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-d789469aa0ee4c0bbafb5d41debf54422023-11-16T22:42:45ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232023-02-0115264910.3390/pharmaceutics15020649Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer TherapySurabhi Kumari0Anuj Nehra1Kshitij Gupta2Anu Puri3Vinay Kumar4Krishna Pal Singh5Mukesh Kumar6Ashutosh Sharma7Bio-Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, College of Basic Science & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, IndiaBio-Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, College of Basic Science & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, IndiaBasic Research Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institute of Health, Post Office Box. Building 469, Room No. 216A, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USABasic Research Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institute of Health, Post Office Box. Building 469, Room No. 216A, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USADepartment of Physics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, IndiaBio-Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Biophysics Unit, College of Basic Science & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, IndiaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurgaon 122505, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of KoreaIn this study, the authors have designed biocompatible nano-vesicles using graphene oxide (GO) for the release of chlorambucil (CHL) drugs targeting cancerous cells. The GO sheets were first sulfonated and conjugated with folic acid (FA) molecules for controlled release and high loading efficiency of CHL. The chlorambucil (CHL) drug loading onto the functionalized GO surface was performed through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic planes of GO. The drug loading and “in vitro” release from the nano-vesicles at different pH were studied. The average particle size, absorption, and loading efficiency (%) of FA-conjugated GO sheets (CHL-GO) were observed to be 300 nm, 58%, and 77%, respectively. The drug release study at different pH (i.e., 7.4 and 5.5) showed a slight deceleration at pH 7.4 over pH 5.5. The amount of drug released was very small at pH 7.4 in the first hour which progressively increased to 24% after 8 h. The rate of drug release was faster at pH 5.5; initially, 16% to 27% in the first 3 h, and finally it reached 73% after 9 h. These observations indicate that the drug is released more rapidly at acidic pH with a larger amount of drug-loading ability. The rate of drug release from the CHL-loaded GO was 25% and 75% after 24 h. The biotoxicity study in terms of % cell viability of CHL-free and CHL-loaded GO against human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line was found to have lower cytotoxicity of CHL-loaded nano-vesicles (IC<sub>50</sub> = 18 μM) as compared to CHL-free (IC<sub>50</sub> = 8 μM). It is concluded that a high drug-loading efficiency and controlled release with excellent biotoxicity of CHL-GO offers an excellent application in the biomedical field.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/2/649graphene-oxidechlorambucildrug loadingnano-vesiclescancerin-vitro |
| spellingShingle | Surabhi Kumari Anuj Nehra Kshitij Gupta Anu Puri Vinay Kumar Krishna Pal Singh Mukesh Kumar Ashutosh Sharma Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy Pharmaceutics graphene-oxide chlorambucil drug loading nano-vesicles cancer in-vitro |
| title | Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy |
| title_full | Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy |
| title_fullStr | Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy |
| title_short | Chlorambucil-Loaded Graphene-Oxide-Based Nano-Vesicles for Cancer Therapy |
| title_sort | chlorambucil loaded graphene oxide based nano vesicles for cancer therapy |
| topic | graphene-oxide chlorambucil drug loading nano-vesicles cancer in-vitro |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/2/649 |
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