Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, China
The Loess Plateau is one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world. In order to increase the biodiversity in the area, develop sustainable agriculture and increase the income of the local people, we simulated the potential geographic distribution of two economic forest trees (<i>Malus pumila...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/6/747 |
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| author | Wei Xu Jingwei Jin Jimin Cheng |
| author_facet | Wei Xu Jingwei Jin Jimin Cheng |
| author_sort | Wei Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Loess Plateau is one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world. In order to increase the biodiversity in the area, develop sustainable agriculture and increase the income of the local people, we simulated the potential geographic distribution of two economic forest trees (<i>Malus pumila</i> Mill and <i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L.) in the present and future under two climate scenarios, using the maximum entropy model. In this study, the importance and contributions of environmental variables, areas of suitable habitats, changes in habitat suitability, the direction and distance of habitat range shifts, the change ratios for habitat area and land use proportions, were measured. According to our results, bioclimatic variables, topographic variables and soil variables play a significant role in defining the distribution of <i>M. pumila</i> and <i>P. armeniaca.</i> The min temperature of coldest month (bio6) was the most important environmental variable for the distribution of the two economic forest trees. The second most important factors for <i>M. pumila</i> and <i>P. armeniaca</i> were, respectively, the elevation and precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17). At the time of the study, the area of above moderately suitable habitats (AMSH) was 8.7967 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup> and 11.4631 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup> for <i>M. pumila</i> and <i>P. armeniaca</i>. The effect of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 5-85 was more dramatic than that of SSP1-26. Between now and the 2090s (SSP 5-85), the AMSH area of <i>M. pumila</i> is expected to decrease to 7.5957 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>, while that of <i>P. armeniaca</i> will increase to 34.6465 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>. The suitability of <i>M. pumila</i> decreased dramatically in the south and southeast regions of the Loess Plateau, increased in the middle and west and resulted in a shift in distance in the range of 78.61~190.63 km to the northwest, while <i>P. armeniaca</i> shifted to the northwest by 64.77~139.85 km. This study provides information for future policymaking regarding economic forest trees in the Loess Plateau. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d7a777b02d174d3e97ac0eae64aca9642023-11-21T22:55:00ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072021-06-0112674710.3390/f12060747Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, ChinaWei Xu0Jingwei Jin1Jimin Cheng2Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, ChinaInstitute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, ChinaInstitute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, ChinaThe Loess Plateau is one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world. In order to increase the biodiversity in the area, develop sustainable agriculture and increase the income of the local people, we simulated the potential geographic distribution of two economic forest trees (<i>Malus pumila</i> Mill and <i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L.) in the present and future under two climate scenarios, using the maximum entropy model. In this study, the importance and contributions of environmental variables, areas of suitable habitats, changes in habitat suitability, the direction and distance of habitat range shifts, the change ratios for habitat area and land use proportions, were measured. According to our results, bioclimatic variables, topographic variables and soil variables play a significant role in defining the distribution of <i>M. pumila</i> and <i>P. armeniaca.</i> The min temperature of coldest month (bio6) was the most important environmental variable for the distribution of the two economic forest trees. The second most important factors for <i>M. pumila</i> and <i>P. armeniaca</i> were, respectively, the elevation and precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17). At the time of the study, the area of above moderately suitable habitats (AMSH) was 8.7967 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup> and 11.4631 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup> for <i>M. pumila</i> and <i>P. armeniaca</i>. The effect of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 5-85 was more dramatic than that of SSP1-26. Between now and the 2090s (SSP 5-85), the AMSH area of <i>M. pumila</i> is expected to decrease to 7.5957 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>, while that of <i>P. armeniaca</i> will increase to 34.6465 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>. The suitability of <i>M. pumila</i> decreased dramatically in the south and southeast regions of the Loess Plateau, increased in the middle and west and resulted in a shift in distance in the range of 78.61~190.63 km to the northwest, while <i>P. armeniaca</i> shifted to the northwest by 64.77~139.85 km. This study provides information for future policymaking regarding economic forest trees in the Loess Plateau.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/6/747climate changesuitable habitatrange shiftsMaxentgeographic distribution |
| spellingShingle | Wei Xu Jingwei Jin Jimin Cheng Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, China Forests climate change suitable habitat range shifts Maxent geographic distribution |
| title | Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, China |
| title_full | Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, China |
| title_fullStr | Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, China |
| title_short | Predicting the Potential Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of Two Economic Forest Trees on the Loess Plateau, China |
| title_sort | predicting the potential geographic distribution and habitat suitability of two economic forest trees on the loess plateau china |
| topic | climate change suitable habitat range shifts Maxent geographic distribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/6/747 |
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