Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam Propagation
The roughness of the ocean surface significantly impacts air-to-sea imaging, oceanographic monitoring, and optical communication. Most current and previous methods for addressing this roughness and its impact on optical propagation are either entirely statistical or theoretical, or are ‘mixed method...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7676 |
| _version_ | 1797476849551409152 |
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| author | Omar Alharbi Tim Kane Diane Henderson |
| author_facet | Omar Alharbi Tim Kane Diane Henderson |
| author_sort | Omar Alharbi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The roughness of the ocean surface significantly impacts air-to-sea imaging, oceanographic monitoring, and optical communication. Most current and previous methods for addressing this roughness and its impact on optical propagation are either entirely statistical or theoretical, or are ‘mixed methods’ based on a combination of statistical models and parametric-based physical models. In this paper, we performed experiments in a 50-foot-wave tank on wind-generated waves, in which we varied the wind speed to measure how the surface waves affect the laser beam propagation and develop a geometrical optical model to measure and analyze the refraction angle and slope angle of the laser beam under various environmental conditions. The study results show that the laser beam deviations/distortions and laser beam footprint size are strongly related to wind speed and laser beam incidence angle. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:09:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d7ba24fe8f964bc2971e142e424f1798 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:09:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-d7ba24fe8f964bc2971e142e424f17982023-11-23T21:53:03ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-10-012219767610.3390/s22197676Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam PropagationOmar Alharbi0Tim Kane1Diane Henderson2Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USADepartment of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USADepartment of Mathematics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USAThe roughness of the ocean surface significantly impacts air-to-sea imaging, oceanographic monitoring, and optical communication. Most current and previous methods for addressing this roughness and its impact on optical propagation are either entirely statistical or theoretical, or are ‘mixed methods’ based on a combination of statistical models and parametric-based physical models. In this paper, we performed experiments in a 50-foot-wave tank on wind-generated waves, in which we varied the wind speed to measure how the surface waves affect the laser beam propagation and develop a geometrical optical model to measure and analyze the refraction angle and slope angle of the laser beam under various environmental conditions. The study results show that the laser beam deviations/distortions and laser beam footprint size are strongly related to wind speed and laser beam incidence angle.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7676air–sea interfaceoptical propagationunderwater FSO linksurface wavesrefractionlaser beam |
| spellingShingle | Omar Alharbi Tim Kane Diane Henderson Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam Propagation Sensors air–sea interface optical propagation underwater FSO link surface waves refraction laser beam |
| title | Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam Propagation |
| title_full | Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam Propagation |
| title_fullStr | Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam Propagation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam Propagation |
| title_short | Impact of a Turbulent Ocean Surface on Laser Beam Propagation |
| title_sort | impact of a turbulent ocean surface on laser beam propagation |
| topic | air–sea interface optical propagation underwater FSO link surface waves refraction laser beam |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7676 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT omaralharbi impactofaturbulentoceansurfaceonlaserbeampropagation AT timkane impactofaturbulentoceansurfaceonlaserbeampropagation AT dianehenderson impactofaturbulentoceansurfaceonlaserbeampropagation |