Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey
In this work, a novel analytical methodology for the extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, nitrated (NPAH) and oxygenated (OPAH), in bee honey samples was developed. The extraction approach resulted in being straightforward, sustainable, and low-cost. It was ba...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2205 |
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| author | Alejandro Mandelli María Guiñez Soledad Cerutti |
| author_facet | Alejandro Mandelli María Guiñez Soledad Cerutti |
| author_sort | Alejandro Mandelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, a novel analytical methodology for the extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, nitrated (NPAH) and oxygenated (OPAH), in bee honey samples was developed. The extraction approach resulted in being straightforward, sustainable, and low-cost. It was based on a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination (SALLE-UHPLC-(+)APCI-MS/MS). The following figures of merit were obtained, linearity between 0.8 and 500 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for NPAH and between 0.1 and 750 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for OPAH compounds, coefficients of determination (r2) from 0.97 to 0.99. Limits of detection (LOD) were from 0.26 to 7.42 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for NPAH compounds and from 0.04 to 9.77 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for OPAH compounds. Recoveries ranged from 90.6% to 100.1%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 8.9%. The green assessment of the method was calculated. Thus, the Green Certificate allowed a classification of 87 points. This methodology was reliable and suitable for application in honey samples. The results demonstrated that the levels of nitro- and oxy-PAHs were higher than those reported for unsubstituted PAHs. In this sense, the production chain sometimes transforms foods as direct carriers of contaminants to consumers, representing a concern and demonstrating the need for routine control. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:08:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d7d7487a89454f049a7319497cc687ad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:08:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-d7d7487a89454f049a7319497cc687ad2023-11-18T07:51:41ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-05-011211220510.3390/foods12112205Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in HoneyAlejandro Mandelli0María Guiñez1Soledad Cerutti2Mass Spectrometry Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry of San Luis (INQUISAL, UNSL-CONICET CCT-San Luis), National University of San Luis, Block III, 950 Ejercito de los Andes, San Luis D5700 HHW, ArgentinaMass Spectrometry Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry of San Luis (INQUISAL, UNSL-CONICET CCT-San Luis), National University of San Luis, Block III, 950 Ejercito de los Andes, San Luis D5700 HHW, ArgentinaMass Spectrometry Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry of San Luis (INQUISAL, UNSL-CONICET CCT-San Luis), National University of San Luis, Block III, 950 Ejercito de los Andes, San Luis D5700 HHW, ArgentinaIn this work, a novel analytical methodology for the extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, nitrated (NPAH) and oxygenated (OPAH), in bee honey samples was developed. The extraction approach resulted in being straightforward, sustainable, and low-cost. It was based on a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination (SALLE-UHPLC-(+)APCI-MS/MS). The following figures of merit were obtained, linearity between 0.8 and 500 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for NPAH and between 0.1 and 750 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for OPAH compounds, coefficients of determination (r2) from 0.97 to 0.99. Limits of detection (LOD) were from 0.26 to 7.42 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for NPAH compounds and from 0.04 to 9.77 ng g<sup>−1</sup> for OPAH compounds. Recoveries ranged from 90.6% to 100.1%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 8.9%. The green assessment of the method was calculated. Thus, the Green Certificate allowed a classification of 87 points. This methodology was reliable and suitable for application in honey samples. The results demonstrated that the levels of nitro- and oxy-PAHs were higher than those reported for unsubstituted PAHs. In this sense, the production chain sometimes transforms foods as direct carriers of contaminants to consumers, representing a concern and demonstrating the need for routine control.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2205nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsbee honeyfood quality controlsustainability assessment |
| spellingShingle | Alejandro Mandelli María Guiñez Soledad Cerutti Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey Foods nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bee honey food quality control sustainability assessment |
| title | Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey |
| title_full | Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey |
| title_short | Evaluation of Environmentally Relevant Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey |
| title_sort | evaluation of environmentally relevant nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey |
| topic | nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bee honey food quality control sustainability assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2205 |
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