Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex tissue injury resulting in permanent and degenerating damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Detrimental cellular processes occur after SCI, including axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, reactive gliosis, and scar formation. The glial sca...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/6/853 |
| _version_ | 1827750823483932672 |
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| author | Tanner Clifford Zachary Finkel Brianna Rodriguez Adelina Joseph Li Cai |
| author_facet | Tanner Clifford Zachary Finkel Brianna Rodriguez Adelina Joseph Li Cai |
| author_sort | Tanner Clifford |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex tissue injury resulting in permanent and degenerating damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Detrimental cellular processes occur after SCI, including axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, reactive gliosis, and scar formation. The glial scar border forms to segregate the neural lesion and isolate spreading inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity at the injury epicenter to preserve surrounding healthy tissue. The scar border is a physicochemical barrier composed of elongated astrocytes, fibroblasts, and microglia secreting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, collogen, and the dense extra-cellular matrix. While this physiological response preserves viable neural tissue, it is also detrimental to regeneration. To overcome negative outcomes associated with scar formation, therapeutic strategies have been developed: the prevention of scar formation, the resolution of the developed scar, cell transplantation into the lesion, and endogenous cell reprogramming. This review focuses on cellular/molecular aspects of glial scar formation, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of strategies to promote regeneration after SCI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:48:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d7e93c17bbfa48929142c07c94e212d0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:48:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-d7e93c17bbfa48929142c07c94e212d02023-11-17T10:12:46ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092023-03-0112685310.3390/cells12060853Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural RegenerationTanner Clifford0Zachary Finkel1Brianna Rodriguez2Adelina Joseph3Li Cai4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USASpinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex tissue injury resulting in permanent and degenerating damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Detrimental cellular processes occur after SCI, including axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, reactive gliosis, and scar formation. The glial scar border forms to segregate the neural lesion and isolate spreading inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity at the injury epicenter to preserve surrounding healthy tissue. The scar border is a physicochemical barrier composed of elongated astrocytes, fibroblasts, and microglia secreting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, collogen, and the dense extra-cellular matrix. While this physiological response preserves viable neural tissue, it is also detrimental to regeneration. To overcome negative outcomes associated with scar formation, therapeutic strategies have been developed: the prevention of scar formation, the resolution of the developed scar, cell transplantation into the lesion, and endogenous cell reprogramming. This review focuses on cellular/molecular aspects of glial scar formation, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of strategies to promote regeneration after SCI.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/6/853spinal cordtraumatic injuryglial scar formationneural regenerationtherapycell transplantation |
| spellingShingle | Tanner Clifford Zachary Finkel Brianna Rodriguez Adelina Joseph Li Cai Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration Cells spinal cord traumatic injury glial scar formation neural regeneration therapy cell transplantation |
| title | Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration |
| title_full | Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration |
| title_fullStr | Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration |
| title_short | Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration |
| title_sort | current advancements in spinal cord injury research glial scar formation and neural regeneration |
| topic | spinal cord traumatic injury glial scar formation neural regeneration therapy cell transplantation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/6/853 |
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