Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions
Chickpeas are rich source of protein and predominantly grown in boron (B)-deficient sandy-loam soils in Pakistan. Boron-tolerant bacteria (BTB) could tolerate higher B levels in soil and increase B availability to the plants. Field trials were conducted under irrigated (district Layyah) and rainfed...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| author | Noman Mehboob Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir Shahid Hussain Shahid Farooq Muhammad Naveed Mubshar Hussain |
| author_facet | Noman Mehboob Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir Shahid Hussain Shahid Farooq Muhammad Naveed Mubshar Hussain |
| author_sort | Noman Mehboob |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chickpeas are rich source of protein and predominantly grown in boron (B)-deficient sandy-loam soils in Pakistan. Boron-tolerant bacteria (BTB) could tolerate higher B levels in soil and increase B availability to the plants. Field trials were conducted under irrigated (district Layyah) and rainfed (district Chakwal) conditions to evaluate the interactive effects of pre-optimized B application methods and BTB (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) on the nodule’s population, grain quality, productivity, and grain-B concentration in desi chickpea during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Boron was applied as soil application (1 kg B ha<sup>−1</sup>), foliar application (0.025% B), osmopriming (0.001% B), and seed coating (1.5 g B kg<sup>−1</sup> seed) with or without BTB inoculation. Untreated seeds receiving no B through any of the methods were regarded as control. The individual and interactive effects (up to three-way interaction of location × BTB inoculation × B application methods) of year, location, B application methods and BTB inoculation significantly altered the growth and yield-related traits of desi chickpea. The four-way interaction of year × location × BTB inoculation × B application methods was non-significant for all recorded growth and yield-related traits. Regarding individual effects, the higher values of growth and yield-related traits were noted for 2020–2021, rainfed location, BTB inoculation and B application through seed priming. Similarly, in two-way interactions 2020–2021 with rainfed location and BTB inoculation, rainfed location with BTB inoculation and osmopriming and osmopriming with BTB inoculation recorded higher values of the growth and yield-related traits. Osmopriming combined with BTB inoculation significantly improved dry matter accumulation and leaf area index in both locations. Boron application through all the methods significantly improved grain quality, yield grain B concentration. The highest grain and biological yields, and nodules’ population were recorded with osmopriming followed by soil application of B combined with BTB inoculation. The highest plant B concentration (75.05%) was recorded with foliar application of B followed by osmopriming (68.73%) combined with BTB inoculation. Moreover, the highest economic returns (USD 2068.5 ha<sup>−1</sup>) and benefit–cost ratio (3.7%) were recorded with osmopriming + BTB inoculation in 2020–2021 under rainfed conditions. Overall, B application through osmopriming and soil application combined with BTB inoculation could be used to increase productivity and profitability of desi chickpea, whereas foliar application is a better method to enhance grain and plant B concentration. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d7f3116b38724003a462dbeaceffc49c2023-12-01T23:17:08ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-08-01128126910.3390/agriculture12081269Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated ConditionsNoman Mehboob0Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir1Shahid Hussain2Shahid Farooq3Muhammad Naveed4Mubshar Hussain5Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanCollege of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub-Campus, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Layyah 32200, PakistanDepartment of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63050, TurkeyInstitute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanChickpeas are rich source of protein and predominantly grown in boron (B)-deficient sandy-loam soils in Pakistan. Boron-tolerant bacteria (BTB) could tolerate higher B levels in soil and increase B availability to the plants. Field trials were conducted under irrigated (district Layyah) and rainfed (district Chakwal) conditions to evaluate the interactive effects of pre-optimized B application methods and BTB (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) on the nodule’s population, grain quality, productivity, and grain-B concentration in desi chickpea during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Boron was applied as soil application (1 kg B ha<sup>−1</sup>), foliar application (0.025% B), osmopriming (0.001% B), and seed coating (1.5 g B kg<sup>−1</sup> seed) with or without BTB inoculation. Untreated seeds receiving no B through any of the methods were regarded as control. The individual and interactive effects (up to three-way interaction of location × BTB inoculation × B application methods) of year, location, B application methods and BTB inoculation significantly altered the growth and yield-related traits of desi chickpea. The four-way interaction of year × location × BTB inoculation × B application methods was non-significant for all recorded growth and yield-related traits. Regarding individual effects, the higher values of growth and yield-related traits were noted for 2020–2021, rainfed location, BTB inoculation and B application through seed priming. Similarly, in two-way interactions 2020–2021 with rainfed location and BTB inoculation, rainfed location with BTB inoculation and osmopriming and osmopriming with BTB inoculation recorded higher values of the growth and yield-related traits. Osmopriming combined with BTB inoculation significantly improved dry matter accumulation and leaf area index in both locations. Boron application through all the methods significantly improved grain quality, yield grain B concentration. The highest grain and biological yields, and nodules’ population were recorded with osmopriming followed by soil application of B combined with BTB inoculation. The highest plant B concentration (75.05%) was recorded with foliar application of B followed by osmopriming (68.73%) combined with BTB inoculation. Moreover, the highest economic returns (USD 2068.5 ha<sup>−1</sup>) and benefit–cost ratio (3.7%) were recorded with osmopriming + BTB inoculation in 2020–2021 under rainfed conditions. Overall, B application through osmopriming and soil application combined with BTB inoculation could be used to increase productivity and profitability of desi chickpea, whereas foliar application is a better method to enhance grain and plant B concentration.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/8/1269osmopriminggrain yieldgrain B concentrationboron-tolerant bacteria |
| spellingShingle | Noman Mehboob Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir Shahid Hussain Shahid Farooq Muhammad Naveed Mubshar Hussain Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions Agriculture osmopriming grain yield grain B concentration boron-tolerant bacteria |
| title | Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions |
| title_full | Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions |
| title_short | Osmopriming Combined with Boron-Tolerant Bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i> sp. MN54) Improved the Productivity of Desi Chickpea under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions |
| title_sort | osmopriming combined with boron tolerant bacteria i bacillus i sp mn54 improved the productivity of desi chickpea under rainfed and irrigated conditions |
| topic | osmopriming grain yield grain B concentration boron-tolerant bacteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/8/1269 |
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