Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
Combined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three s...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/11/5276 |
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| author | Beatriz Prieto Patricia Sanmartín Javier Cancelo-González Lucía Torres Benita Silva |
| author_facet | Beatriz Prieto Patricia Sanmartín Javier Cancelo-González Lucía Torres Benita Silva |
| author_sort | Beatriz Prieto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Combined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme<sup>®</sup> was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, <i>Origanum vulgare</i> L., <i>Thymus zygis</i> Loefl. ex L., and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of <i>Thymus zygis</i> Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:40:26Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:40:26Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d7febbc53be9436c922b186e107a6ad82023-11-21T23:02:32ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-06-011111527610.3390/app11115276Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site)Beatriz Prieto0Patricia Sanmartín1Javier Cancelo-González2Lucía Torres3Benita Silva4Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartamento de Botánica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainCombined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme<sup>®</sup> was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, <i>Origanum vulgare</i> L., <i>Thymus zygis</i> Loefl. ex L., and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of <i>Thymus zygis</i> Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/11/5276built cultural heritagecityscapegranitelaboratory and field analysismaintenance planmortar |
| spellingShingle | Beatriz Prieto Patricia Sanmartín Javier Cancelo-González Lucía Torres Benita Silva Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Applied Sciences built cultural heritage cityscape granite laboratory and field analysis maintenance plan mortar |
| title | Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site) |
| title_full | Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site) |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site) |
| title_short | Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site) |
| title_sort | impact of herbicide treatments on the construction materials in the roman wall of lugo spain unesco world heritage site |
| topic | built cultural heritage cityscape granite laboratory and field analysis maintenance plan mortar |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/11/5276 |
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