Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize Straw
The long-term extensive application of chemical fertilizers wreaks havoc on soil bacterial structure and function. To reduce the damage caused by chemical fertilizers, a six-year experiment was performed to study the effects of replacing 0% (CK), 25% (S25), 50% (S50), 75% (S75), and 100% (S100) of 2...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1404 |
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| author | Xiaojuan Wang Ling Xie Lulu Xu |
| author_facet | Xiaojuan Wang Ling Xie Lulu Xu |
| author_sort | Xiaojuan Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The long-term extensive application of chemical fertilizers wreaks havoc on soil bacterial structure and function. To reduce the damage caused by chemical fertilizers, a six-year experiment was performed to study the effects of replacing 0% (CK), 25% (S25), 50% (S50), 75% (S75), and 100% (S100) of 225 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mineral nitrogen fertilizer with an equivalent amount of nitrogen from maize straw on the soil bacterial community structure, diversity, and function. The results showed that <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Acidobacteria</i>, and <i>Gemmatimonadetes</i> were the dominant soil bacterial phyla after the replacement treatments. Replacing mineral nitrogen fertilizer with an equivalent amount of nitrogen from maize straw significantly reduced the number of <i>Photobacterium</i> and bacterial populations involved in genetic information processing in soil, but significantly increased the number of bacterial populations involved in organismal systems, human diseases, and environmental information processing. Compared with other treatments, the relative abundance of TK10 significantly increased by 33.52–76.36% in S25. The number of subgroup 6, Gram-negative, biofilm-forming, potentially pathogenic, and anaerobic bacteria significantly increased, whereas that of <i>Chloroflexi</i> and <i>Blastocatellia</i> subgroup 4 significantly decreased in S50 and S75 compared with CK. The number of TK10 and <i>Blastocatellia</i> subgroup 4 in S50 and S100, respectively, was significantly lower than that in CK. Bacterial species were significantly more present in S25 than in S75. The diversity of bacterial species in S75 was significantly lower than that in CK. S25 and S100 were more favorable to increasing the number of Gram-positive, aerobic, mobile-element containing, and stress-tolerant bacteria. <i>Rhodobacteraceae</i>, <i>Pyrinomonadaceae</i>, <i>Xanthobacteraceae</i>, <i>Nocardioidaceae</i>, and <i>Vulgatibacteraceae</i> with statistical differences in CK, S25, S50, S75, and S100, respectively, could be used as biomarkers. <i>Chloroflexi</i>, <i>Acidobacteria</i>, and <i>Nitrospirae</i> could be used as the main basis for the bacterial classification of soil samples in the equivalent substitution of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with maize straw. S25 is ideal for increasing soil bacterial species richness and abundance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:01:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d80ee751481941c0a9d61ae2fc46f4a4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:01:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d80ee751481941c0a9d61ae2fc46f4a42023-11-18T00:07:53ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-05-01135140410.3390/agronomy13051404Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize StrawXiaojuan Wang0Ling Xie1Lulu Xu2Shanxi Institute of Organic Dryland Farming, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030031, ChinaThe long-term extensive application of chemical fertilizers wreaks havoc on soil bacterial structure and function. To reduce the damage caused by chemical fertilizers, a six-year experiment was performed to study the effects of replacing 0% (CK), 25% (S25), 50% (S50), 75% (S75), and 100% (S100) of 225 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mineral nitrogen fertilizer with an equivalent amount of nitrogen from maize straw on the soil bacterial community structure, diversity, and function. The results showed that <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Acidobacteria</i>, and <i>Gemmatimonadetes</i> were the dominant soil bacterial phyla after the replacement treatments. Replacing mineral nitrogen fertilizer with an equivalent amount of nitrogen from maize straw significantly reduced the number of <i>Photobacterium</i> and bacterial populations involved in genetic information processing in soil, but significantly increased the number of bacterial populations involved in organismal systems, human diseases, and environmental information processing. Compared with other treatments, the relative abundance of TK10 significantly increased by 33.52–76.36% in S25. The number of subgroup 6, Gram-negative, biofilm-forming, potentially pathogenic, and anaerobic bacteria significantly increased, whereas that of <i>Chloroflexi</i> and <i>Blastocatellia</i> subgroup 4 significantly decreased in S50 and S75 compared with CK. The number of TK10 and <i>Blastocatellia</i> subgroup 4 in S50 and S100, respectively, was significantly lower than that in CK. Bacterial species were significantly more present in S25 than in S75. The diversity of bacterial species in S75 was significantly lower than that in CK. S25 and S100 were more favorable to increasing the number of Gram-positive, aerobic, mobile-element containing, and stress-tolerant bacteria. <i>Rhodobacteraceae</i>, <i>Pyrinomonadaceae</i>, <i>Xanthobacteraceae</i>, <i>Nocardioidaceae</i>, and <i>Vulgatibacteraceae</i> with statistical differences in CK, S25, S50, S75, and S100, respectively, could be used as biomarkers. <i>Chloroflexi</i>, <i>Acidobacteria</i>, and <i>Nitrospirae</i> could be used as the main basis for the bacterial classification of soil samples in the equivalent substitution of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with maize straw. S25 is ideal for increasing soil bacterial species richness and abundance.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1404straw incorporationmineral fertilizerbacterial communitydiversityfunctional group |
| spellingShingle | Xiaojuan Wang Ling Xie Lulu Xu Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize Straw Agronomy straw incorporation mineral fertilizer bacterial community diversity functional group |
| title | Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize Straw |
| title_full | Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize Straw |
| title_fullStr | Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize Straw |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize Straw |
| title_short | Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Function under the Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Maize Straw |
| title_sort | soil bacterial community structure and function under the substitution of chemical fertilizer with maize straw |
| topic | straw incorporation mineral fertilizer bacterial community diversity functional group |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1404 |
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