| Summary: | This study aims to investigate the electrochemical properties of lead calcium tin (Pb–Ca(0.14%)–Sn(1.04%)) anode employed in hydrometallurgy. Various methods were employed, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), to comprehensively characterize the behavior of this alloy under diverse operating conditions. The findings of this investigation indicate that the Pb–Ca(0.14%)–Sn(1.04%) anode demonstrates remarkable corrosion resistance and a lower oxygen evolution potential in comparison to conventional lead anodes. As a result, enhanced operational efficiency can be achieved. Furthermore, the incorporation of Ca and Sn in the alloy has a substantial positive effect on its mechanical properties, thereby rendering the anode more resilient in harsh operating environments. Consequently, this contributes to reduced maintenance costs. Overall, this study underscores the promising potential of lead calcium tin anodes in promoting more sustainable and efficient hydrometallurgical processes.
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