Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Although the use of porous scaffolds in tissue engineering has been relatively successful, there are still many limitations that need to be addressed, such as low vascularization, low oxygen and nutrient levels, and immune-induced inflammation. As a result, the current porous scaffolds are insuffici...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Cells |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/6/1514 |
| _version_ | 1797530015095586816 |
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| author | Nolan Wen Enze Qian Yunqing Kang |
| author_facet | Nolan Wen Enze Qian Yunqing Kang |
| author_sort | Nolan Wen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although the use of porous scaffolds in tissue engineering has been relatively successful, there are still many limitations that need to be addressed, such as low vascularization, low oxygen and nutrient levels, and immune-induced inflammation. As a result, the current porous scaffolds are insufficient when treating large defects. This paper analyzed scientific research pertaining to the effects of macro-/micro-channels on the cell recruitment, vascularization, and immune response of tissue engineering scaffolds. Most of the studies contained either cell culturing experimentation or experimentation on small animals such as rats and mice. The sacrificial template method, template casting method, and 3D printing method were the most common methods in the fabrication of channeled scaffolds. Some studies combine the sacrificial and 3D printing methods to design and create their scaffold with channels. The overall results from these studies showed that the incorporation of channels within scaffolds greatly increased vascularization, reduced immune response, and was much more beneficial for cell and growth factor recruitment compared with control groups that contained no channels. More research on the effect of micro-/macro-channels on vascularization or immune response in animal models is necessary in the future in order to achieve clinical translation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:22:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d887ae5b22f347bb91c4751f7df110af |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:22:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-d887ae5b22f347bb91c4751f7df110af2023-11-22T00:17:57ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-06-01106151410.3390/cells10061514Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering ScaffoldsNolan Wen0Enze Qian1Yunqing Kang2Palm Beach County Campus, American Heritage Schools, Delray Beach, FL 33484, USADepartment of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USADepartment of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USAAlthough the use of porous scaffolds in tissue engineering has been relatively successful, there are still many limitations that need to be addressed, such as low vascularization, low oxygen and nutrient levels, and immune-induced inflammation. As a result, the current porous scaffolds are insufficient when treating large defects. This paper analyzed scientific research pertaining to the effects of macro-/micro-channels on the cell recruitment, vascularization, and immune response of tissue engineering scaffolds. Most of the studies contained either cell culturing experimentation or experimentation on small animals such as rats and mice. The sacrificial template method, template casting method, and 3D printing method were the most common methods in the fabrication of channeled scaffolds. Some studies combine the sacrificial and 3D printing methods to design and create their scaffold with channels. The overall results from these studies showed that the incorporation of channels within scaffolds greatly increased vascularization, reduced immune response, and was much more beneficial for cell and growth factor recruitment compared with control groups that contained no channels. More research on the effect of micro-/macro-channels on vascularization or immune response in animal models is necessary in the future in order to achieve clinical translation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/6/1514microchannelporous scaffoldtissue engineeringimmune response |
| spellingShingle | Nolan Wen Enze Qian Yunqing Kang Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Cells microchannel porous scaffold tissue engineering immune response |
| title | Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds |
| title_full | Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds |
| title_short | Effects of Macro-/Micro-Channels on Vascularization and Immune Response of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds |
| title_sort | effects of macro micro channels on vascularization and immune response of tissue engineering scaffolds |
| topic | microchannel porous scaffold tissue engineering immune response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/6/1514 |
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