Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory
The Crofer 22 APU alloy is a frequently used metallic material to manufacture interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells. However, the formation and evaporation of Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><ms...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Energies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/8/3574 |
| _version_ | 1827745186226110464 |
|---|---|
| author | Kai Wang Robert Spatschek |
| author_facet | Kai Wang Robert Spatschek |
| author_sort | Kai Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Crofer 22 APU alloy is a frequently used metallic material to manufacture interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells. However, the formation and evaporation of Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> not only increases the electrical resistance but also leads to the Cr-related degradation over the service time. In order to investigate the growth kinetics of Cr-oxide, i.e., Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the multi-phase field model coupled with reliable CALPHAD databases is employed. The phase field simulation results are benchmarked with the predictions of Wagner’s theory. Moreover, we evidence the influence of the temperature and Cr concentration on the ferritic matrix phase and the oxygen concentration at the Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>/gas interface on the growth kinetics of Cr-oxide, paving the way for further investigations of Cr-related solid oxide fuel cell degradation processes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:03:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d88c017a824e40c0a11d08eae9d23789 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:03:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-d88c017a824e40c0a11d08eae9d237892023-11-17T19:07:07ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-04-01168357410.3390/en16083574Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s TheoryKai Wang0Robert Spatschek1Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, GermanyInstitute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, GermanyThe Crofer 22 APU alloy is a frequently used metallic material to manufacture interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells. However, the formation and evaporation of Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> not only increases the electrical resistance but also leads to the Cr-related degradation over the service time. In order to investigate the growth kinetics of Cr-oxide, i.e., Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the multi-phase field model coupled with reliable CALPHAD databases is employed. The phase field simulation results are benchmarked with the predictions of Wagner’s theory. Moreover, we evidence the influence of the temperature and Cr concentration on the ferritic matrix phase and the oxygen concentration at the Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>/gas interface on the growth kinetics of Cr-oxide, paving the way for further investigations of Cr-related solid oxide fuel cell degradation processes.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/8/3574phase field modeloxidation formationCrofer 22 APUSOFC |
| spellingShingle | Kai Wang Robert Spatschek Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory Energies phase field model oxidation formation Crofer 22 APU SOFC |
| title | Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory |
| title_full | Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory |
| title_fullStr | Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory |
| title_short | Phase Field Study of Cr-Oxide Growth Kinetics in the Crofer 22 APU Alloy Supported by Wagner’s Theory |
| title_sort | phase field study of cr oxide growth kinetics in the crofer 22 apu alloy supported by wagner s theory |
| topic | phase field model oxidation formation Crofer 22 APU SOFC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/8/3574 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kaiwang phasefieldstudyofcroxidegrowthkineticsinthecrofer22apualloysupportedbywagnerstheory AT robertspatschek phasefieldstudyofcroxidegrowthkineticsinthecrofer22apualloysupportedbywagnerstheory |