Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of Flufuran
Timor Island is very hot and dry due to the high intensity of sunlight experienced throughout the year. The endophytic fungi <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> had been isolated from medicinal plants such as <i>Catharanthus roseus</i>, <i>Annona squamosa</i> and <i>C...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/22/4200 |
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| author | Antonius R. B. Ola Gema Metboki Caterina S. Lay Yoseph Sugi Philipi De Rozari Dodi Darmakusuma Euis Holisotan Hakim |
| author_facet | Antonius R. B. Ola Gema Metboki Caterina S. Lay Yoseph Sugi Philipi De Rozari Dodi Darmakusuma Euis Holisotan Hakim |
| author_sort | Antonius R. B. Ola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Timor Island is very hot and dry due to the high intensity of sunlight experienced throughout the year. The endophytic fungi <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> had been isolated from medicinal plants such as <i>Catharanthus roseus</i>, <i>Annona squamosa</i> and <i>Curcuma xanthorisa</i>. The endophytic fungi <i>A. flavus</i> from each plant was cultivated on solid rice media and then analyzed for its capability for producing kojic acid. The production of kojic acid was analyzed by HPLC; the highest amount of kojic acid was observed from the endophytic fungi <i>A. flavus,</i> isolated from the stem of <i>Catharanthus roseus,</i> followed by <i>A. flavus</i> from <i>Annona squamosa</i> and <i>Curcuma xanthorisa</i>. Simple VLC fractionation of the extract of <i>A. flavus</i> from <i>C.roseus</i> led to the isolation of around 11.1 g of pure kojic acid. The structure of kojic acid (<b>1</b>) was confirmed by NMR and MS spectroscopic data. A comparison of the NMR data with the literature supported the revision of the natural product flufuran to kojic acid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a strain of endophytic fungi producing only kojic acid without any other toxic metabolites such as alfatoxins. Therefore, this <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> strain can be applied as a potential producer of kojic acid for industrial use. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T10:25:22Z |
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| id | doaj.art-d8984f839eae45e9aaa4d31f66a20639 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T10:25:22Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-d8984f839eae45e9aaa4d31f66a206392022-12-21T19:43:51ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-11-012422420010.3390/molecules24224200molecules24224200Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of FlufuranAntonius R. B. Ola0Gema Metboki1Caterina S. Lay2Yoseph Sugi3Philipi De Rozari4Dodi Darmakusuma5Euis Holisotan Hakim6Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85001, IndonesiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85001, IndonesiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85001, IndonesiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85001, IndonesiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85001, IndonesiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85001, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaTimor Island is very hot and dry due to the high intensity of sunlight experienced throughout the year. The endophytic fungi <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> had been isolated from medicinal plants such as <i>Catharanthus roseus</i>, <i>Annona squamosa</i> and <i>Curcuma xanthorisa</i>. The endophytic fungi <i>A. flavus</i> from each plant was cultivated on solid rice media and then analyzed for its capability for producing kojic acid. The production of kojic acid was analyzed by HPLC; the highest amount of kojic acid was observed from the endophytic fungi <i>A. flavus,</i> isolated from the stem of <i>Catharanthus roseus,</i> followed by <i>A. flavus</i> from <i>Annona squamosa</i> and <i>Curcuma xanthorisa</i>. Simple VLC fractionation of the extract of <i>A. flavus</i> from <i>C.roseus</i> led to the isolation of around 11.1 g of pure kojic acid. The structure of kojic acid (<b>1</b>) was confirmed by NMR and MS spectroscopic data. A comparison of the NMR data with the literature supported the revision of the natural product flufuran to kojic acid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a strain of endophytic fungi producing only kojic acid without any other toxic metabolites such as alfatoxins. Therefore, this <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> strain can be applied as a potential producer of kojic acid for industrial use.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/22/4200timorkojic acidendophytic fungicatharanthus roseusannona squamosacurcuma xanthorisasonneratia alba |
| spellingShingle | Antonius R. B. Ola Gema Metboki Caterina S. Lay Yoseph Sugi Philipi De Rozari Dodi Darmakusuma Euis Holisotan Hakim Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of Flufuran Molecules timor kojic acid endophytic fungi catharanthus roseus annona squamosa curcuma xanthorisa sonneratia alba |
| title | Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of Flufuran |
| title_full | Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of Flufuran |
| title_fullStr | Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of Flufuran |
| title_full_unstemmed | Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of Flufuran |
| title_short | Single Production of Kojic Acid by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the Revision of Flufuran |
| title_sort | single production of kojic acid by i aspergillus flavus i and the revision of flufuran |
| topic | timor kojic acid endophytic fungi catharanthus roseus annona squamosa curcuma xanthorisa sonneratia alba |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/22/4200 |
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