Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription is an essential process for chloroplast development and plant growth. It is a complex event that is regulated by numerous nuclear-encoded proteins. In order to elucidate the complex regulation mechanism of PEP activity, identification and...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/24/13648 |
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| author | Zhipan Yang Mingxin Liu Shunhua Ding Yi Zhang Huixia Yang Xiaogang Wen Wei Chi Congming Lu Qingtao Lu |
| author_facet | Zhipan Yang Mingxin Liu Shunhua Ding Yi Zhang Huixia Yang Xiaogang Wen Wei Chi Congming Lu Qingtao Lu |
| author_sort | Zhipan Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription is an essential process for chloroplast development and plant growth. It is a complex event that is regulated by numerous nuclear-encoded proteins. In order to elucidate the complex regulation mechanism of PEP activity, identification and characterization of PEP activity regulation factors are needed. Here, we characterize Plastid Deficient 1 (PD1) as a novel regulator for PEP-dependent gene expression and chloroplast development in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. The <i>PD1</i> gene encodes a protein that is conserved in photoautotrophic organisms. The <i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>pd1</i> mutant showed albino and seedling-lethal phenotypes. The plastid development in the <i>pd1</i> mutant was arrested. The PD1 protein localized in the chloroplasts, and it colocalized with nucleoid protein TRXz. RT-quantitative real-time PCR, northern blot, and run-on analyses indicated that the PEP-dependent transcription in the <i>pd1</i> mutant was dramatically impaired, whereas the nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase-dependent transcription was up-regulated. The yeast two-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that the PD1 protein interacts with PEP core subunit β (PEP-β), which has been verified to be essential for chloroplast development. The immunoblot analysis indicated that the accumulation of PEP-β was barely detected in the <i>pd1</i> mutant, whereas the accumulation of the other essential components of the PEP complex, such as core subunits α and β′, were not affected in the <i>pd1</i> mutant. These observations suggested that the PD1 protein is essential for the accumulation of PEP-β and chloroplast development in <i>Arabidopsis</i>, potentially by direct interaction with PEP-β. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:55:04Z |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d89fa592c9a44aa9893737d90a7ed28b2023-11-23T08:49:33ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-12-0122241364810.3390/ijms222413648Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i>Zhipan Yang0Mingxin Liu1Shunhua Ding2Yi Zhang3Huixia Yang4Xiaogang Wen5Wei Chi6Congming Lu7Qingtao Lu8Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, ChinaKey Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaKey Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, ChinaKey Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, ChinaPlastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription is an essential process for chloroplast development and plant growth. It is a complex event that is regulated by numerous nuclear-encoded proteins. In order to elucidate the complex regulation mechanism of PEP activity, identification and characterization of PEP activity regulation factors are needed. Here, we characterize Plastid Deficient 1 (PD1) as a novel regulator for PEP-dependent gene expression and chloroplast development in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. The <i>PD1</i> gene encodes a protein that is conserved in photoautotrophic organisms. The <i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>pd1</i> mutant showed albino and seedling-lethal phenotypes. The plastid development in the <i>pd1</i> mutant was arrested. The PD1 protein localized in the chloroplasts, and it colocalized with nucleoid protein TRXz. RT-quantitative real-time PCR, northern blot, and run-on analyses indicated that the PEP-dependent transcription in the <i>pd1</i> mutant was dramatically impaired, whereas the nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase-dependent transcription was up-regulated. The yeast two-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that the PD1 protein interacts with PEP core subunit β (PEP-β), which has been verified to be essential for chloroplast development. The immunoblot analysis indicated that the accumulation of PEP-β was barely detected in the <i>pd1</i> mutant, whereas the accumulation of the other essential components of the PEP complex, such as core subunits α and β′, were not affected in the <i>pd1</i> mutant. These observations suggested that the PD1 protein is essential for the accumulation of PEP-β and chloroplast development in <i>Arabidopsis</i>, potentially by direct interaction with PEP-β.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/24/13648<i>Arabidopsis</i>PD1PEPchloroplast developmentchloroplast gene expression |
| spellingShingle | Zhipan Yang Mingxin Liu Shunhua Ding Yi Zhang Huixia Yang Xiaogang Wen Wei Chi Congming Lu Qingtao Lu Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i> International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Arabidopsis</i> PD1 PEP chloroplast development chloroplast gene expression |
| title | Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i> |
| title_full | Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i> |
| title_fullStr | Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i> |
| title_short | Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in <i>Arabidopsis</i> |
| title_sort | plastid deficient 1 is essential for the accumulation of plastid encoded rna polymerase core subunit β and chloroplast development in i arabidopsis i |
| topic | <i>Arabidopsis</i> PD1 PEP chloroplast development chloroplast gene expression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/24/13648 |
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