Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing Resistor
This paper describes a novel low-cost tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) for bicycles. The system is based on a battery-less near field communication (NFC) tag that integrates a pressure sensor, which is placed between the tire and the inner tube. The system uses no battery since the energy is o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2021-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9495780/ |
| _version_ | 1819090059778850816 |
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| author | Marti Boada Antonio Lazaro Ramon Villarino Ernest Gil-Dolcet David Girbau |
| author_facet | Marti Boada Antonio Lazaro Ramon Villarino Ernest Gil-Dolcet David Girbau |
| author_sort | Marti Boada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper describes a novel low-cost tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) for bicycles. The system is based on a battery-less near field communication (NFC) tag that integrates a pressure sensor, which is placed between the tire and the inner tube. The system uses no battery since the energy is obtained from the magnetic field induced by the reader in order to establish the communication. The pressure can be read by any NFC-enabled reader such as a smartphone. The pressure sensor is a force-sensing resistor (FSR) that controls the oscillation frequency of a 555 timer-based oscillator. The frequency is read and computed by a microcontroller, and the result is written via <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{I}^{2}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> bus to the memory of a near-field communication integrated circuit (IC), which is read by a commercial smartphone or NFC reader. A prototype is designed on an FR4 substrate which integrates a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$12 \times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm antenna connected to the NFC IC (NT3H211 from NXP). The proposed prototype has a 3D-printed enclosure to protect the components mounted on the surface of the PCB and to protect the tire from punctures. A system for characterizing the read range is presented. The tag requires a minimum magnetic field of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.9~A_{RMS}/m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to operate up to a distance of 8 mm between reader and the tire, providing enough power to supply energy to the whole circuitry and to receive the information stored at the NFC IC. The system has been tested with a 59 mm-width mountain bike tire. The sensor has been characterized using a simple polynomial fitting to obtain the pressure from the measurement of the oscillation frequency. An accuracy of 0.1 has been accomplished in the range of 0.5 to 2.2 bar. To test the system, several inflation cycles have been performed and showed that the system presents good repeatability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T22:17:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d8a14561c1f3497581bb937b31aa93e6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T22:17:49Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-d8a14561c1f3497581bb937b31aa93e62022-12-21T18:48:24ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362021-01-01910397510398710.1109/ACCESS.2021.30999469495780Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing ResistorMarti Boada0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3852-9247Antonio Lazaro1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-5777Ramon Villarino2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9692-8943Ernest Gil-Dolcet3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9110-438XDavid Girbau4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7995-5536Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, SpainDepartment of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, SpainDepartment of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, SpainDepartment of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, SpainDepartment of Electronic, Electric and Automatic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, SpainThis paper describes a novel low-cost tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) for bicycles. The system is based on a battery-less near field communication (NFC) tag that integrates a pressure sensor, which is placed between the tire and the inner tube. The system uses no battery since the energy is obtained from the magnetic field induced by the reader in order to establish the communication. The pressure can be read by any NFC-enabled reader such as a smartphone. The pressure sensor is a force-sensing resistor (FSR) that controls the oscillation frequency of a 555 timer-based oscillator. The frequency is read and computed by a microcontroller, and the result is written via <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{I}^{2}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> bus to the memory of a near-field communication integrated circuit (IC), which is read by a commercial smartphone or NFC reader. A prototype is designed on an FR4 substrate which integrates a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$12 \times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm antenna connected to the NFC IC (NT3H211 from NXP). The proposed prototype has a 3D-printed enclosure to protect the components mounted on the surface of the PCB and to protect the tire from punctures. A system for characterizing the read range is presented. The tag requires a minimum magnetic field of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.9~A_{RMS}/m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to operate up to a distance of 8 mm between reader and the tire, providing enough power to supply energy to the whole circuitry and to receive the information stored at the NFC IC. The system has been tested with a 59 mm-width mountain bike tire. The sensor has been characterized using a simple polynomial fitting to obtain the pressure from the measurement of the oscillation frequency. An accuracy of 0.1 has been accomplished in the range of 0.5 to 2.2 bar. To test the system, several inflation cycles have been performed and showed that the system presents good repeatability.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9495780/Battery-lessforce-sensing resistor (FSR)near field communication (NFC)radio frequency identification (RFID)tire pressure sensor |
| spellingShingle | Marti Boada Antonio Lazaro Ramon Villarino Ernest Gil-Dolcet David Girbau Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing Resistor IEEE Access Battery-less force-sensing resistor (FSR) near field communication (NFC) radio frequency identification (RFID) tire pressure sensor |
| title | Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing Resistor |
| title_full | Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing Resistor |
| title_fullStr | Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing Resistor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing Resistor |
| title_short | Battery-Less NFC Bicycle Tire Pressure Sensor Based on a Force-Sensing Resistor |
| title_sort | battery less nfc bicycle tire pressure sensor based on a force sensing resistor |
| topic | Battery-less force-sensing resistor (FSR) near field communication (NFC) radio frequency identification (RFID) tire pressure sensor |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9495780/ |
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