Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination
Abstract Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared with P. falciparum and P. vivax. In the present study, we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected with P. malariae in the past decade to raise awareness of the potential threat of this malaria parasite in Chi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Infectious Diseases of Poverty |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-023-01156-2 |
| _version_ | 1827632735650316288 |
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| author | Li Zhang Bo-Yu Yi Shui-Sen Zhou Zhi-Gui Xia Jian-Hai Yin |
| author_facet | Li Zhang Bo-Yu Yi Shui-Sen Zhou Zhi-Gui Xia Jian-Hai Yin |
| author_sort | Li Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared with P. falciparum and P. vivax. In the present study, we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected with P. malariae in the past decade to raise awareness of the potential threat of this malaria parasite in China. Methods Individual data of malaria cases infected with P. malariae reported in China in the past decade were collected via the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System, to explore their epidemiological characteristics. Pearson Chi-square tests or Fisher’s Exact Test was used in the statistical analysis. Results From 2013 to 2022, a total of 581 P. malariae cases were reported in China, and mainly concentrated in 20–59 years old group (P < 0.001), and there was no significant trend in the number of cases reported per month. Moreover, four kinds of P. malariae cases were classified, including 567 imported cases from 41 countries in 8 regions and distributed in 27 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China, six indigenous cases in a small outbreak in Hainan, seven recurrent cases in Guangdong and Shanghai, and one induced case in Shanghai, respectively. In addition, only 379 cases (65.2%) were diagnosed as malaria on the first visit (P < 0.001), and 413 cases (71.1%) were further confirmed as P. malariae cases (P = 0.002). Meanwhile, most cases sought healthcare first in the health facilities at the county and prefectural levels, but only 76.7% (161/210) and 73.7% (146/198) cases were diagnosed as malaria, and the accuracy of confirmed diagnosis as malaria cases infected with P. malariae was only 77.2% (156/202) and 69.9% (167/239) in these health facilities respectively. Conclusions Even though malaria cases infected with P. malariae didn’t account for a high proportion of reported malaria cases nationwide, the threat posed by widely distributed imported cases, a small number of indigenous cases, recurrent cases and induced case cannot be ignored in China. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness and improve the surveillance and response to the non-falciparum species such as P. malariae, and prevent the reestablishment of malaria transmission after elimination. Graphical Abstract |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:49:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d8c213051e6b475aba87c631a48c502b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2049-9957 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:49:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Infectious Diseases of Poverty |
| spelling | doaj.art-d8c213051e6b475aba87c631a48c502b2023-11-26T14:34:07ZengBMCInfectious Diseases of Poverty2049-99572023-11-0112111010.1186/s40249-023-01156-2Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post eliminationLi Zhang0Bo-Yu Yi1Shui-Sen Zhou2Zhi-Gui Xia3Jian-Hai Yin4National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical DiseasesNational Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical DiseasesNational Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical DiseasesNational Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical DiseasesNational Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical DiseasesAbstract Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared with P. falciparum and P. vivax. In the present study, we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected with P. malariae in the past decade to raise awareness of the potential threat of this malaria parasite in China. Methods Individual data of malaria cases infected with P. malariae reported in China in the past decade were collected via the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System, to explore their epidemiological characteristics. Pearson Chi-square tests or Fisher’s Exact Test was used in the statistical analysis. Results From 2013 to 2022, a total of 581 P. malariae cases were reported in China, and mainly concentrated in 20–59 years old group (P < 0.001), and there was no significant trend in the number of cases reported per month. Moreover, four kinds of P. malariae cases were classified, including 567 imported cases from 41 countries in 8 regions and distributed in 27 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China, six indigenous cases in a small outbreak in Hainan, seven recurrent cases in Guangdong and Shanghai, and one induced case in Shanghai, respectively. In addition, only 379 cases (65.2%) were diagnosed as malaria on the first visit (P < 0.001), and 413 cases (71.1%) were further confirmed as P. malariae cases (P = 0.002). Meanwhile, most cases sought healthcare first in the health facilities at the county and prefectural levels, but only 76.7% (161/210) and 73.7% (146/198) cases were diagnosed as malaria, and the accuracy of confirmed diagnosis as malaria cases infected with P. malariae was only 77.2% (156/202) and 69.9% (167/239) in these health facilities respectively. Conclusions Even though malaria cases infected with P. malariae didn’t account for a high proportion of reported malaria cases nationwide, the threat posed by widely distributed imported cases, a small number of indigenous cases, recurrent cases and induced case cannot be ignored in China. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness and improve the surveillance and response to the non-falciparum species such as P. malariae, and prevent the reestablishment of malaria transmission after elimination. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-023-01156-2Plasmodium malariaeImported caseRecurrenceInduced caseReestablishmentChina |
| spellingShingle | Li Zhang Bo-Yu Yi Shui-Sen Zhou Zhi-Gui Xia Jian-Hai Yin Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination Infectious Diseases of Poverty Plasmodium malariae Imported case Recurrence Induced case Reestablishment China |
| title | Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination |
| title_full | Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination |
| title_short | Epidemiological characteristics of Plasmodium malariae malaria in China: a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination |
| title_sort | epidemiological characteristics of plasmodium malariae malaria in china a malaria that should not be neglected post elimination |
| topic | Plasmodium malariae Imported case Recurrence Induced case Reestablishment China |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-023-01156-2 |
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