Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans)
Radiation countermeasures fall under three categories, radiation protectors, radiation mitigators, and radiation therapeutics. Radiation protectors are agents that are administered before radiation exposure to protect from radiation-induced injuries by numerous mechanisms, including scavenging free...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-02-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/7/2/33 |
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| author | Ujwani Nukala Shraddha Thakkar Kimberly J. Krager Philip J. Breen Cesar M. Compadre Nukhet Aykin-Burns |
| author_facet | Ujwani Nukala Shraddha Thakkar Kimberly J. Krager Philip J. Breen Cesar M. Compadre Nukhet Aykin-Burns |
| author_sort | Ujwani Nukala |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Radiation countermeasures fall under three categories, radiation protectors, radiation mitigators, and radiation therapeutics. Radiation protectors are agents that are administered before radiation exposure to protect from radiation-induced injuries by numerous mechanisms, including scavenging free radicals that are generated by initial radiochemical events. Radiation mitigators are agents that are administered after the exposure of radiation but before the onset of symptoms by accelerating the recovery and repair from radiation-induced injuries. Whereas radiation therapeutic agents administered after the onset of symptoms act by regenerating the tissues that are injured by radiation. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals generated by radiation exposure by donating H atoms. The vitamin E family consists of eight different vitamers, including four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Though alpha-tocopherol was extensively studied in the past, tocotrienols have recently gained attention as radiation countermeasures. Despite several studies performed on tocotrienols, there is no clear evidence on the factors that are responsible for their superior radiation protection properties over tocopherols. Their absorption and bioavailability are also not well understood. In this review, we discuss tocopherol’s and tocotrienol’s efficacy as radiation countermeasures and identify the challenges to be addressed to develop them into radiation countermeasures for human use in the event of radiological emergencies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T09:47:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d8fe0c4a42a14c64bec61c1885e0453d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T09:47:36Z |
| publishDate | 2018-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-d8fe0c4a42a14c64bec61c1885e0453d2023-09-02T12:47:39ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212018-02-01723310.3390/antiox7020033antiox7020033Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans)Ujwani Nukala0Shraddha Thakkar1Kimberly J. Krager2Philip J. Breen3Cesar M. Compadre4Nukhet Aykin-Burns5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USARadiation countermeasures fall under three categories, radiation protectors, radiation mitigators, and radiation therapeutics. Radiation protectors are agents that are administered before radiation exposure to protect from radiation-induced injuries by numerous mechanisms, including scavenging free radicals that are generated by initial radiochemical events. Radiation mitigators are agents that are administered after the exposure of radiation but before the onset of symptoms by accelerating the recovery and repair from radiation-induced injuries. Whereas radiation therapeutic agents administered after the onset of symptoms act by regenerating the tissues that are injured by radiation. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals generated by radiation exposure by donating H atoms. The vitamin E family consists of eight different vitamers, including four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Though alpha-tocopherol was extensively studied in the past, tocotrienols have recently gained attention as radiation countermeasures. Despite several studies performed on tocotrienols, there is no clear evidence on the factors that are responsible for their superior radiation protection properties over tocopherols. Their absorption and bioavailability are also not well understood. In this review, we discuss tocopherol’s and tocotrienol’s efficacy as radiation countermeasures and identify the challenges to be addressed to develop them into radiation countermeasures for human use in the event of radiological emergencies.http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/7/2/33tocopheroltocotrienoltocolsradioprotectorsradiation countermeasuresradiomitigatorsalpha tocopherol transfer protein |
| spellingShingle | Ujwani Nukala Shraddha Thakkar Kimberly J. Krager Philip J. Breen Cesar M. Compadre Nukhet Aykin-Burns Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans) Antioxidants tocopherol tocotrienol tocols radioprotectors radiation countermeasures radiomitigators alpha tocopherol transfer protein |
| title | Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans) |
| title_full | Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans) |
| title_fullStr | Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans) |
| title_short | Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans) |
| title_sort | antioxidant tocols as radiation countermeasures challenges to be addressed to use tocols as radiation countermeasures in humans |
| topic | tocopherol tocotrienol tocols radioprotectors radiation countermeasures radiomitigators alpha tocopherol transfer protein |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/7/2/33 |
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