Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions
The research into ring oscillator physically unclonable functions (RO-PUF) continues to expand due to its simple structure, ease of generating responses, and its promises of primitive security. However, a substantial study has yet to be carried out in developing designs of the FPGA-based RO-PUF, whi...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| author | Zulfikar Zulfikar Norhayati Soin Sharifah Fatmadiana Wan Muhamad Hatta Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip Anuar Jaafar |
| author_facet | Zulfikar Zulfikar Norhayati Soin Sharifah Fatmadiana Wan Muhamad Hatta Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip Anuar Jaafar |
| author_sort | Zulfikar Zulfikar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The research into ring oscillator physically unclonable functions (RO-PUF) continues to expand due to its simple structure, ease of generating responses, and its promises of primitive security. However, a substantial study has yet to be carried out in developing designs of the FPGA-based RO-PUF, which effectively balances performance and area efficiency. This work proposes a modified RO-PUF where the ring oscillators are connected directly to the counters. The proposed RO-PUF requires fewer RO than the conventional structure since this work utilizes the direct pulse count method. This work aims to seek the ideal routing density of ROs to improve uniqueness. For this purpose, five logic arrangements of a wide range of routing densities of ROs were tested. Upon implementation onto the FPGA chip, the routing density of ROs are varied significantly in terms of wire utilization (higher than 25%) and routing hotspots (higher than 80%). The best uniqueness attained was 52.71%, while the highest reliability was 99.51%. This study improves the uniqueness by 2% subsequent to the application of scenarios to consider ROs with a narrow range of routing density. The best range of wire utilization and routing hotspots of individual RO in this work is 3–5% and 20–50%, respectively. The performance metrics (uniqueness and reliability) of the proposed RO-PUF are much better than existing works using a similar FPGA platform (Altera), and it is as good as the recent RO-PUFs realized on Xilinx. Additionally, this work estimates the minimum runtimes to reduce error and response bit-flip of RO-PUF. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:44:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d907a092ddd64506ac44f35fc75214f1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:44:46Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d907a092ddd64506ac44f35fc75214f12023-11-22T17:23:26ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-10-011120973010.3390/app11209730Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable FunctionsZulfikar Zulfikar0Norhayati Soin1Sharifah Fatmadiana Wan Muhamad Hatta2Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip3Anuar Jaafar4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Teuku Nyak Arief, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaCentre for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Melaka 76100, MalaysiaThe research into ring oscillator physically unclonable functions (RO-PUF) continues to expand due to its simple structure, ease of generating responses, and its promises of primitive security. However, a substantial study has yet to be carried out in developing designs of the FPGA-based RO-PUF, which effectively balances performance and area efficiency. This work proposes a modified RO-PUF where the ring oscillators are connected directly to the counters. The proposed RO-PUF requires fewer RO than the conventional structure since this work utilizes the direct pulse count method. This work aims to seek the ideal routing density of ROs to improve uniqueness. For this purpose, five logic arrangements of a wide range of routing densities of ROs were tested. Upon implementation onto the FPGA chip, the routing density of ROs are varied significantly in terms of wire utilization (higher than 25%) and routing hotspots (higher than 80%). The best uniqueness attained was 52.71%, while the highest reliability was 99.51%. This study improves the uniqueness by 2% subsequent to the application of scenarios to consider ROs with a narrow range of routing density. The best range of wire utilization and routing hotspots of individual RO in this work is 3–5% and 20–50%, respectively. The performance metrics (uniqueness and reliability) of the proposed RO-PUF are much better than existing works using a similar FPGA platform (Altera), and it is as good as the recent RO-PUFs realized on Xilinx. Additionally, this work estimates the minimum runtimes to reduce error and response bit-flip of RO-PUF.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9730area-efficient ring oscillatorrouting densityrouting hotspotsruntimes |
| spellingShingle | Zulfikar Zulfikar Norhayati Soin Sharifah Fatmadiana Wan Muhamad Hatta Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip Anuar Jaafar Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions Applied Sciences area-efficient ring oscillator routing density routing hotspots runtimes |
| title | Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions |
| title_full | Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions |
| title_fullStr | Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions |
| title_short | Routing Density Analysis of Area-Efficient Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Functions |
| title_sort | routing density analysis of area efficient ring oscillator physically unclonable functions |
| topic | area-efficient ring oscillator routing density routing hotspots runtimes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9730 |
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