Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
The present investigation aimed to assess the combinational effect of commonly used antipyretics and antiseptics with ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) on the growth inhibition of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The broth microdilution checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactio...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-02-01
|
| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/2/215 |
| _version_ | 1797414755036561408 |
|---|---|
| author | Katarzyna Grecka Piotr Szweda |
| author_facet | Katarzyna Grecka Piotr Szweda |
| author_sort | Katarzyna Grecka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present investigation aimed to assess the combinational effect of commonly used antipyretics and antiseptics with ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) on the growth inhibition of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The broth microdilution checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions between all investigated antipyretics, namely acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, with EEPs samples. The values of the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) index for all these combinations were <0.5. While, in the case of considered antiseptics, namely chlorhexidine, octenidine dihydrochloride, and 2-phenoxyethanol, the positive interaction was confirmed only for the last one (values of ΣFIC in the range 0.0625–0.25). Combinations of two other agents with all four samples of EEPs resulted in an important antagonistic effect (values of ΣFIC ≥ 4.5). Propolis is mostly dedicated to the treatment of skin/wound infections; thus, these findings are of particular practical importance. The outcomes of the study also support the hypothesis that the propolis’s antimicrobial effect is due to the combined (synergistic) action of several ingredients rather than the presence of one component of high antibacterial activity. The composition of 13 ingredients of EEPs (at a concentration below the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the most active agent) exhibited considerably high anti-staphylococcal efficiency with MIC = 128 µg/mL. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:38:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d92879f118db4c4ba9a85344afec5061 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:38:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-d92879f118db4c4ba9a85344afec50612023-12-03T12:27:38ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232021-02-0113221510.3390/pharmaceutics13020215Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Katarzyna Grecka0Piotr Szweda1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandThe present investigation aimed to assess the combinational effect of commonly used antipyretics and antiseptics with ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) on the growth inhibition of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The broth microdilution checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions between all investigated antipyretics, namely acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, with EEPs samples. The values of the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) index for all these combinations were <0.5. While, in the case of considered antiseptics, namely chlorhexidine, octenidine dihydrochloride, and 2-phenoxyethanol, the positive interaction was confirmed only for the last one (values of ΣFIC in the range 0.0625–0.25). Combinations of two other agents with all four samples of EEPs resulted in an important antagonistic effect (values of ΣFIC ≥ 4.5). Propolis is mostly dedicated to the treatment of skin/wound infections; thus, these findings are of particular practical importance. The outcomes of the study also support the hypothesis that the propolis’s antimicrobial effect is due to the combined (synergistic) action of several ingredients rather than the presence of one component of high antibacterial activity. The composition of 13 ingredients of EEPs (at a concentration below the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the most active agent) exhibited considerably high anti-staphylococcal efficiency with MIC = 128 µg/mL.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/2/215propolissynergismacetaminophen2-phenoxyethanolibuprofenchlorhexidine |
| spellingShingle | Katarzyna Grecka Piotr Szweda Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Pharmaceutics propolis synergism acetaminophen 2-phenoxyethanol ibuprofen chlorhexidine |
| title | Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_full | Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_short | Synergistic Effects of Propolis Combined with 2-Phenoxyethanol and Antipyretics on the Growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_sort | synergistic effects of propolis combined with 2 phenoxyethanol and antipyretics on the growth of i staphylococcus aureus i |
| topic | propolis synergism acetaminophen 2-phenoxyethanol ibuprofen chlorhexidine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/2/215 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT katarzynagrecka synergisticeffectsofpropoliscombinedwith2phenoxyethanolandantipyreticsonthegrowthofistaphylococcusaureusi AT piotrszweda synergisticeffectsofpropoliscombinedwith2phenoxyethanolandantipyreticsonthegrowthofistaphylococcusaureusi |