Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst
In the present study, the photocatalytic oxidation and detoxification of aqueous matrices contaminated with boscalid using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalyst and UV-A light was investigated. The UV-A/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> process was found to...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/14/2/112 |
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| author | Maria Antonopoulou Anna Tzamaria Kleopatra Miserli Christos Lykos Ioannis Konstantinou |
| author_facet | Maria Antonopoulou Anna Tzamaria Kleopatra Miserli Christos Lykos Ioannis Konstantinou |
| author_sort | Maria Antonopoulou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the present study, the photocatalytic oxidation and detoxification of aqueous matrices contaminated with boscalid using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalyst and UV-A light was investigated. The UV-A/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> process was found to achieve higher than 83% removal of boscalid in both matrices, with h<sup>+</sup> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> being the main species. UHPLC-HRMS analysis allowed the identification of five TPs, while the main degradation pathways involved hydroxylation, cyclization, and dechlorination. <i>Scenedesmus rubescens</i> microalgae species was exposed to boscalid solutions and lake water spiked with the fungicide before the photocatalytic treatment and inhibition in the growth rate was observed. An increase in the toxicity was also observed during the first stages of the treatment. The results from the in silico study correlate with the observed evolution of ecotoxicity during the application of the process, as some of the identified TPs were found to be toxic or very toxic for aquatic organisms. However, prolonged application of the process can lead to detoxification. It was also observed that the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalyst can retain its photochemical stability and activity after at least three cycles. However, a slight decrease in the activity was observed when repeated another two times. This study demonstrated that the suggested photocatalytic process can both decrease the harmful effects of boscalid as well as effectively lower its concentration in water. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d92bdab42f6b4c2c896e299a1e9954202024-02-23T15:11:28ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442024-01-0114211210.3390/catal14020112Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> CatalystMaria Antonopoulou0Anna Tzamaria1Kleopatra Miserli2Christos Lykos3Ioannis Konstantinou4Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, GR-30131 Agrinio, GreeceDepartment of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, GR-30131 Agrinio, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, GreeceIn the present study, the photocatalytic oxidation and detoxification of aqueous matrices contaminated with boscalid using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalyst and UV-A light was investigated. The UV-A/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> process was found to achieve higher than 83% removal of boscalid in both matrices, with h<sup>+</sup> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> being the main species. UHPLC-HRMS analysis allowed the identification of five TPs, while the main degradation pathways involved hydroxylation, cyclization, and dechlorination. <i>Scenedesmus rubescens</i> microalgae species was exposed to boscalid solutions and lake water spiked with the fungicide before the photocatalytic treatment and inhibition in the growth rate was observed. An increase in the toxicity was also observed during the first stages of the treatment. The results from the in silico study correlate with the observed evolution of ecotoxicity during the application of the process, as some of the identified TPs were found to be toxic or very toxic for aquatic organisms. However, prolonged application of the process can lead to detoxification. It was also observed that the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalyst can retain its photochemical stability and activity after at least three cycles. However, a slight decrease in the activity was observed when repeated another two times. This study demonstrated that the suggested photocatalytic process can both decrease the harmful effects of boscalid as well as effectively lower its concentration in water.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/14/2/112g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalystboscaliddegradationdetoxificationtransformation productsreusability |
| spellingShingle | Maria Antonopoulou Anna Tzamaria Kleopatra Miserli Christos Lykos Ioannis Konstantinou Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst Catalysts g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalyst boscalid degradation detoxification transformation products reusability |
| title | Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst |
| title_full | Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst |
| title_fullStr | Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst |
| title_short | Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation and Detoxification of Simulated Agricultural Wastewater Contaminated with Boscalid Fungicide Using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Catalyst |
| title_sort | heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation and detoxification of simulated agricultural wastewater contaminated with boscalid fungicide using g c sub 3 sub n sub 4 sub catalyst |
| topic | g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalyst boscalid degradation detoxification transformation products reusability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/14/2/112 |
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