Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos
Oxylipins such as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) are signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are common in diatoms that constitute a major group of microalgae in freshwater and oceanic ecosystems. Although HEPEs represent the mos...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-03-01
|
| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/3/144 |
| _version_ | 1811187035962081280 |
|---|---|
| author | Luisa Albarano Nadia Ruocco Adrianna Ianora Giovanni Libralato Loredana Manfra Maria Costantini |
| author_facet | Luisa Albarano Nadia Ruocco Adrianna Ianora Giovanni Libralato Loredana Manfra Maria Costantini |
| author_sort | Luisa Albarano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oxylipins such as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) are signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are common in diatoms that constitute a major group of microalgae in freshwater and oceanic ecosystems. Although HEPEs represent the most common oxylipins produced by diatoms, little information is available on their effects on marine invertebrates, and most of the information has been obtained by testing individual HEPEs. Our previous studies reported that four hydroxyacids, i.e., 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE, were able to induce malformations and a marked developmental delay in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos, which had not been reported for other oxylipins. Here, we tested a mixture of 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE at different concentrations for the first time. The results showed that mixtures of HEPEs have synergistic effects that are much more severe compared to those of individual HEPEs: The HEPE mixtures induced malformations in sea urchin embryos at lower concentrations. Increasing HEPE mixture concentrations induced a marked increase in the number of delayed embryos, until all embryos were delayed at the highest concentration tested. At the molecular level, the HEPE mixtures induced variations in the expression of 50 genes involved in different functional processes, mainly down-regulating these genes at the earliest stages of embryonic development. These findings are ecologically significant, considering that during diatom blooms, sea urchins could accumulate HEPEs in concentrations comparable to those tested in the present study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:55:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d971e7783de34e19bc82f7117c9569cb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:55:23Z |
| publishDate | 2019-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-d971e7783de34e19bc82f7117c9569cb2022-12-22T04:20:22ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972019-03-0117314410.3390/md17030144md17030144Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus EmbryosLuisa Albarano0Nadia Ruocco1Adrianna Ianora2Giovanni Libralato3Loredana Manfra4Maria Costantini5Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, ItalyInstitute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 00144 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, ItalyOxylipins such as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) are signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are common in diatoms that constitute a major group of microalgae in freshwater and oceanic ecosystems. Although HEPEs represent the most common oxylipins produced by diatoms, little information is available on their effects on marine invertebrates, and most of the information has been obtained by testing individual HEPEs. Our previous studies reported that four hydroxyacids, i.e., 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE, were able to induce malformations and a marked developmental delay in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos, which had not been reported for other oxylipins. Here, we tested a mixture of 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE at different concentrations for the first time. The results showed that mixtures of HEPEs have synergistic effects that are much more severe compared to those of individual HEPEs: The HEPE mixtures induced malformations in sea urchin embryos at lower concentrations. Increasing HEPE mixture concentrations induced a marked increase in the number of delayed embryos, until all embryos were delayed at the highest concentration tested. At the molecular level, the HEPE mixtures induced variations in the expression of 50 genes involved in different functional processes, mainly down-regulating these genes at the earliest stages of embryonic development. These findings are ecologically significant, considering that during diatom blooms, sea urchins could accumulate HEPEs in concentrations comparable to those tested in the present study.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/3/144diatomsgeneshydroxyacidssea urchin |
| spellingShingle | Luisa Albarano Nadia Ruocco Adrianna Ianora Giovanni Libralato Loredana Manfra Maria Costantini Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos Marine Drugs diatoms genes hydroxyacids sea urchin |
| title | Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos |
| title_full | Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos |
| title_fullStr | Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos |
| title_short | Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos |
| title_sort | molecular and morphological toxicity of diatom derived hydroxyacid mixtures to sea urchin paracentrotus lividus embryos |
| topic | diatoms genes hydroxyacids sea urchin |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/3/144 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT luisaalbarano molecularandmorphologicaltoxicityofdiatomderivedhydroxyacidmixturestoseaurchinparacentrotuslividusembryos AT nadiaruocco molecularandmorphologicaltoxicityofdiatomderivedhydroxyacidmixturestoseaurchinparacentrotuslividusembryos AT adriannaianora molecularandmorphologicaltoxicityofdiatomderivedhydroxyacidmixturestoseaurchinparacentrotuslividusembryos AT giovannilibralato molecularandmorphologicaltoxicityofdiatomderivedhydroxyacidmixturestoseaurchinparacentrotuslividusembryos AT loredanamanfra molecularandmorphologicaltoxicityofdiatomderivedhydroxyacidmixturestoseaurchinparacentrotuslividusembryos AT mariacostantini molecularandmorphologicaltoxicityofdiatomderivedhydroxyacidmixturestoseaurchinparacentrotuslividusembryos |