Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients
<b>(1) Background</b>: Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble compound with a common chemical structure, a 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ring, and a variable aliphatic side-chain. VK is involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins, bone stability, anti-oxidative, and immune inflammatory-m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/7/1235 |
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| author | Harald Mangge Florian Prueller Christine Dawczynski Pero Curcic Zdenka Sloup Magdalena Holter Markus Herrmann Andreas Meinitzer |
| author_facet | Harald Mangge Florian Prueller Christine Dawczynski Pero Curcic Zdenka Sloup Magdalena Holter Markus Herrmann Andreas Meinitzer |
| author_sort | Harald Mangge |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>(1) Background</b>: Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble compound with a common chemical structure, a 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ring, and a variable aliphatic side-chain. VK is involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins, bone stability, anti-oxidative, and immune inflammatory-modulatory functions. Vitamin K also activates protein S, which acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The fact that cytokine overproduction, oxidative stress, and disturbed microcirculation by thrombogenicity play a central role in severe COVID-19 prompted us to analyze this vitamin. <b>(2) Methods</b>: We analyzed by a validated liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method serum vitamin K1, MK4, MK7, and VK epoxide levels in 104 healthy controls, 77 patients with non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and 135 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with potentially fatal outcomes admitted to our University Hospital between April and November 2020. We included the quotient between VK and triglyceride (TG, nmol/mmol/L) values in the analyses with respect to the TG transporter function for all VK subtypes. Additionally, we assessed anthropometric, routine laboratory, and clinical data from the laboratory and hospital information systems. <b>(3) Results</b>: The COVID-19 patients had significantly lower MK7 levels than non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients and healthy controls. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients had significantly lower vitamin K1 and significantly higher MK4 compared to healthy controls, but did not differ significantly from each other. Between COVID-19 non-survivors (<i>n</i> = 30) and survivors (<i>n</i> = 105) no significant differences were seen in all vitamin K subtypes, despite the fact that non-survivors had higher peak concentrations of IL-6, CRP, d-dimer, and higher oxygen needs, respectively. <b>(4) Conclusions</b>: The present data identified significantly decreased vitamin K1, K2 (MK7), and increased MK4 levels in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls. Vitamin K2 (MK7) was lowest in COVID-19 patients irrespective of potentially fatal courses, indicating consumption of this VK subtype by COVID-19 immanent effects, most probably inflammatory and oxidative stress factors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:20:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d9736e90f9344c8ab11cde1a7d674dd9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:20:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-d9736e90f9344c8ab11cde1a7d674dd92023-11-30T22:41:56ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-06-01117123510.3390/antiox11071235Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 PatientsHarald Mangge0Florian Prueller1Christine Dawczynski2Pero Curcic3Zdenka Sloup4Magdalena Holter5Markus Herrmann6Andreas Meinitzer7Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, AustriaClinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, AustriaInstitute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, GermanyClinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, AustriaClinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, AustriaInstitute of Medical Computer Sciences, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, AustriaClinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, AustriaClinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria<b>(1) Background</b>: Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble compound with a common chemical structure, a 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ring, and a variable aliphatic side-chain. VK is involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins, bone stability, anti-oxidative, and immune inflammatory-modulatory functions. Vitamin K also activates protein S, which acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The fact that cytokine overproduction, oxidative stress, and disturbed microcirculation by thrombogenicity play a central role in severe COVID-19 prompted us to analyze this vitamin. <b>(2) Methods</b>: We analyzed by a validated liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method serum vitamin K1, MK4, MK7, and VK epoxide levels in 104 healthy controls, 77 patients with non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and 135 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with potentially fatal outcomes admitted to our University Hospital between April and November 2020. We included the quotient between VK and triglyceride (TG, nmol/mmol/L) values in the analyses with respect to the TG transporter function for all VK subtypes. Additionally, we assessed anthropometric, routine laboratory, and clinical data from the laboratory and hospital information systems. <b>(3) Results</b>: The COVID-19 patients had significantly lower MK7 levels than non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients and healthy controls. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients had significantly lower vitamin K1 and significantly higher MK4 compared to healthy controls, but did not differ significantly from each other. Between COVID-19 non-survivors (<i>n</i> = 30) and survivors (<i>n</i> = 105) no significant differences were seen in all vitamin K subtypes, despite the fact that non-survivors had higher peak concentrations of IL-6, CRP, d-dimer, and higher oxygen needs, respectively. <b>(4) Conclusions</b>: The present data identified significantly decreased vitamin K1, K2 (MK7), and increased MK4 levels in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls. Vitamin K2 (MK7) was lowest in COVID-19 patients irrespective of potentially fatal courses, indicating consumption of this VK subtype by COVID-19 immanent effects, most probably inflammatory and oxidative stress factors.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/7/1235COVID-19 pneumonianon-COVID-19 pneumoniadifferent subtypes of vitamin K |
| spellingShingle | Harald Mangge Florian Prueller Christine Dawczynski Pero Curcic Zdenka Sloup Magdalena Holter Markus Herrmann Andreas Meinitzer Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients Antioxidants COVID-19 pneumonia non-COVID-19 pneumonia different subtypes of vitamin K |
| title | Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients |
| title_full | Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients |
| title_fullStr | Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients |
| title_short | Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients |
| title_sort | dramatic decrease of vitamin k2 subtype menaquinone 7 in covid 19 patients |
| topic | COVID-19 pneumonia non-COVID-19 pneumonia different subtypes of vitamin K |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/7/1235 |
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