The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond water
Ammonia (NH3) is one of the compounds found in water, and when it exceeds the threshold, it can become toxic, posing a problem for fish farmers. This research aims to reduce the ammonia (NH3) levels using activated carbon adsorbents based on nutmeg shell. The activated carbon was produced using a 1 ...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | Carbon Trends |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000051 |
| _version_ | 1827316948980989952 |
|---|---|
| author | Muhammadin Hamid Syahrul Humaidi Indah Revita Saragi Crystina Simanjuntak Isnaeni Isnaeni Azizah Hadi Wijoyo |
| author_facet | Muhammadin Hamid Syahrul Humaidi Indah Revita Saragi Crystina Simanjuntak Isnaeni Isnaeni Azizah Hadi Wijoyo |
| author_sort | Muhammadin Hamid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ammonia (NH3) is one of the compounds found in water, and when it exceeds the threshold, it can become toxic, posing a problem for fish farmers. This research aims to reduce the ammonia (NH3) levels using activated carbon adsorbents based on nutmeg shell. The activated carbon was produced using a 1 M HCl solution as an activator with temperature variations of 600 °C, 650 °C, and 700 °C. The activated carbon obtained complies with the SNI No.06–3730–1995 standard, with characteristics of 9.23 % moisture content, 8.45 % volatile matter content, 9.71 % ash content, and 81.84 % bound carbon content. The best sample was obtained with an adsorbent mass of 6 g at 700 °C, reducing Ammonia (NH3) by 90 % with an adsorption capacity of 0.03 mg/g. Subsequently, the sample was subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. Functional carbon groups were identified, especially at wavenumbers 3745.22 cm−1 and 3621.27 cm−1, facilitating adsorption. The sample had an amorphous structure but contained crystalline carbon structures. The highest peak observed was at 29.57° with a miller index (201). The surface of the sample exhibited pores, predominantly composed of carbon and oxygen. The adsorption mechanism of ammonia (NH3) on activated carbon occurs through intermolecular interactions. This research demonstrates the potential of a newly developed material for reducing NH3. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:19:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d976ed38c5e849aa808062c333a23d25 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2667-0569 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T23:23:14Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Carbon Trends |
| spelling | doaj.art-d976ed38c5e849aa808062c333a23d252024-03-16T05:09:50ZengElsevierCarbon Trends2667-05692024-03-0114100324The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond waterMuhammadin Hamid0Syahrul Humaidi1Indah Revita Saragi2Crystina Simanjuntak3Isnaeni Isnaeni4 Azizah5Hadi Wijoyo6Department of Physics, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; Corresponding author.Department of Physics, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, IndonesiaResearch Center for Photonics, National Research and Innovation Agency, Building 442 KST BJ Habibie, South Tangerang 15314, IndonesiaDepartment of Physics, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, IndonesiaDepartment of Physics, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, IndonesiaAmmonia (NH3) is one of the compounds found in water, and when it exceeds the threshold, it can become toxic, posing a problem for fish farmers. This research aims to reduce the ammonia (NH3) levels using activated carbon adsorbents based on nutmeg shell. The activated carbon was produced using a 1 M HCl solution as an activator with temperature variations of 600 °C, 650 °C, and 700 °C. The activated carbon obtained complies with the SNI No.06–3730–1995 standard, with characteristics of 9.23 % moisture content, 8.45 % volatile matter content, 9.71 % ash content, and 81.84 % bound carbon content. The best sample was obtained with an adsorbent mass of 6 g at 700 °C, reducing Ammonia (NH3) by 90 % with an adsorption capacity of 0.03 mg/g. Subsequently, the sample was subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. Functional carbon groups were identified, especially at wavenumbers 3745.22 cm−1 and 3621.27 cm−1, facilitating adsorption. The sample had an amorphous structure but contained crystalline carbon structures. The highest peak observed was at 29.57° with a miller index (201). The surface of the sample exhibited pores, predominantly composed of carbon and oxygen. The adsorption mechanism of ammonia (NH3) on activated carbon occurs through intermolecular interactions. This research demonstrates the potential of a newly developed material for reducing NH3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000051Activated carbonAdsorptionAmmoniaHClNutmeg shell |
| spellingShingle | Muhammadin Hamid Syahrul Humaidi Indah Revita Saragi Crystina Simanjuntak Isnaeni Isnaeni Azizah Hadi Wijoyo The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond water Carbon Trends Activated carbon Adsorption Ammonia HCl Nutmeg shell |
| title | The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond water |
| title_full | The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond water |
| title_fullStr | The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond water |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond water |
| title_short | The effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia (NH3) levels in fish pond water |
| title_sort | effectiveness of activated carbon from nutmeg shell in reducing ammonia nh3 levels in fish pond water |
| topic | Activated carbon Adsorption Ammonia HCl Nutmeg shell |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000051 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhammadinhamid theeffectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT syahrulhumaidi theeffectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT indahrevitasaragi theeffectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT crystinasimanjuntak theeffectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT isnaeniisnaeni theeffectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT azizah theeffectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT hadiwijoyo theeffectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT muhammadinhamid effectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT syahrulhumaidi effectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT indahrevitasaragi effectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT crystinasimanjuntak effectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT isnaeniisnaeni effectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT azizah effectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater AT hadiwijoyo effectivenessofactivatedcarbonfromnutmegshellinreducingammonianh3levelsinfishpondwater |