Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i>
Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are key enzymes that function in degrading carotenoids into a variety of apocarotenoids and some other compounds. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization analysis of <i>CCO</i> genes in <i>Cerasus humilis<...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/11/2114 |
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| author | Chunzhen Cheng Rui Yang Lu Yin Jianying Zhang Limin Gao Rong Lu Yan Yang Pengfei Wang Xiaopeng Mu Shuai Zhang Bin Zhang Jiancheng Zhang |
| author_facet | Chunzhen Cheng Rui Yang Lu Yin Jianying Zhang Limin Gao Rong Lu Yan Yang Pengfei Wang Xiaopeng Mu Shuai Zhang Bin Zhang Jiancheng Zhang |
| author_sort | Chunzhen Cheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are key enzymes that function in degrading carotenoids into a variety of apocarotenoids and some other compounds. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization analysis of <i>CCO</i> genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i>. Totally, nine <i>CCO</i> genes could be classified into six subfamilies, including carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1), CCD4, CCD7, CCD8, CCD-like and nine-<i>cis</i>-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), were identified. Results of gene expression analysis showed that <i>ChCCOs</i> exhibited diverse expression patterns in different organs and in fruits at different ripening stages. To investigate the roles of <i>ChCCOs</i> in carotenoids degradation, enzyme assays of the ChCCD1 and ChCCD4 were performed in <i>Escerichia coli</i> BL21(DE3) that can accumulate lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin. The prokaryotic expressed ChCCD1 resulted in obvious degradation of lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin, but ChCCD4 did not show similar functions. To further determine the cleaved volatile apocarotenoids of these two proteins, headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometer analysis was performed. Results showed that ChCCD1 could cleave lycopene at 5, 6 and 5′, 6′ positions to produce 6-methy-5-hepten-2-one and could catalyze β-carotene at 9, 10 and 9′, 10′ positions to generate β-ionone. Our study will be helpful for clarifying the roles of <i>CCO</i> genes especially <i>ChCCD1</i> in regulating carotenoid degradation and apocarotenoid production in <i>C</i>. <i>humilis</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:00:07Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:00:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d97ba3337ee9432eb7f5ac9f6b87404a2023-11-18T08:23:33ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-05-011211211410.3390/plants12112114Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i>Chunzhen Cheng0Rui Yang1Lu Yin2Jianying Zhang3Limin Gao4Rong Lu5Yan Yang6Pengfei Wang7Xiaopeng Mu8Shuai Zhang9Bin Zhang10Jiancheng Zhang11College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaAgricultural Technology Extension Service Center of Qianyang County, Baoji 721199, ChinaRural Revitalization Bureau of Pu County, Linfen 041200, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, ChinaCarotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are key enzymes that function in degrading carotenoids into a variety of apocarotenoids and some other compounds. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization analysis of <i>CCO</i> genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i>. Totally, nine <i>CCO</i> genes could be classified into six subfamilies, including carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1), CCD4, CCD7, CCD8, CCD-like and nine-<i>cis</i>-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), were identified. Results of gene expression analysis showed that <i>ChCCOs</i> exhibited diverse expression patterns in different organs and in fruits at different ripening stages. To investigate the roles of <i>ChCCOs</i> in carotenoids degradation, enzyme assays of the ChCCD1 and ChCCD4 were performed in <i>Escerichia coli</i> BL21(DE3) that can accumulate lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin. The prokaryotic expressed ChCCD1 resulted in obvious degradation of lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin, but ChCCD4 did not show similar functions. To further determine the cleaved volatile apocarotenoids of these two proteins, headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometer analysis was performed. Results showed that ChCCD1 could cleave lycopene at 5, 6 and 5′, 6′ positions to produce 6-methy-5-hepten-2-one and could catalyze β-carotene at 9, 10 and 9′, 10′ positions to generate β-ionone. Our study will be helpful for clarifying the roles of <i>CCO</i> genes especially <i>ChCCD1</i> in regulating carotenoid degradation and apocarotenoid production in <i>C</i>. <i>humilis</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/11/2114<i>Cerasus humilis</i>carotenoid cleavage oxygenasecarotenoidsapocarotenoidsfunctional analysis |
| spellingShingle | Chunzhen Cheng Rui Yang Lu Yin Jianying Zhang Limin Gao Rong Lu Yan Yang Pengfei Wang Xiaopeng Mu Shuai Zhang Bin Zhang Jiancheng Zhang Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i> Plants <i>Cerasus humilis</i> carotenoid cleavage oxygenase carotenoids apocarotenoids functional analysis |
| title | Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i> |
| title_full | Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i> |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i> |
| title_short | Characterization of <i>Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase</i> Genes in <i>Cerasus humilis</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>ChCCD1</i> |
| title_sort | characterization of i carotenoid cleavage oxygenase i genes in i cerasus humilis i and functional analysis of i chccd1 i |
| topic | <i>Cerasus humilis</i> carotenoid cleavage oxygenase carotenoids apocarotenoids functional analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/11/2114 |
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