Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic loss...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/1/12 |
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| author | Sanaa M. Idris Kamal H. Eltom Julius B. Okuni Lonzy Ojok Wisal A. Elmagzoub Ahmed Abd El Wahed ElSagad Eltayeb Ahmed A. Gameel |
| author_facet | Sanaa M. Idris Kamal H. Eltom Julius B. Okuni Lonzy Ojok Wisal A. Elmagzoub Ahmed Abd El Wahed ElSagad Eltayeb Ahmed A. Gameel |
| author_sort | Sanaa M. Idris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:52:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d995c5603aa1458aa558343e967c86c7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:52:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-d995c5603aa1458aa558343e967c86c72023-11-23T11:04:24ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-12-011211210.3390/ani12010012Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small RuminantsSanaa M. Idris0Kamal H. Eltom1Julius B. Okuni2Lonzy Ojok3Wisal A. Elmagzoub4Ahmed Abd El Wahed5ElSagad Eltayeb6Ahmed A. Gameel7Department of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat 13314, Khartoum North, SudanDepartment of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat 13314, Khartoum North, SudanCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, UgandaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, UgandaDepartment of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat 13314, Khartoum North, SudanInstitute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den, Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, GermanyFaculty of Medicine, Al Neelain University, Almogran 11111, Khartoum, SudanDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat 13314, Khartoum North, SudanParatuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/1/12paratuberculosissmall ruminantsneglected disease |
| spellingShingle | Sanaa M. Idris Kamal H. Eltom Julius B. Okuni Lonzy Ojok Wisal A. Elmagzoub Ahmed Abd El Wahed ElSagad Eltayeb Ahmed A. Gameel Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants Animals paratuberculosis small ruminants neglected disease |
| title | Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants |
| title_full | Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants |
| title_fullStr | Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants |
| title_short | Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants |
| title_sort | paratuberculosis the hidden killer of small ruminants |
| topic | paratuberculosis small ruminants neglected disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/1/12 |
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