Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021)
Rapid urban expansion and structural changes are taking place in China’s capital city, Beijing, but without an update of urban land features in a timely manner our understanding of the new urban heterogeneity is restricted, as land-background data is indispensable for bio-geophysical and bio-geochem...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/580 |
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| author | Tao Pan Wenhui Kuang Ruoyi Pan Zhenguo Niu Yinyin Dou |
| author_facet | Tao Pan Wenhui Kuang Ruoyi Pan Zhenguo Niu Yinyin Dou |
| author_sort | Tao Pan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rapid urban expansion and structural changes are taking place in China’s capital city, Beijing, but without an update of urban land features in a timely manner our understanding of the new urban heterogeneity is restricted, as land-background data is indispensable for bio-geophysical and bio-geochemical processes. In this plain region, the investigations of multi-scale urban land mappings and physical medium environmental elements such as slope, aspect, and water resource services are still lacking, although Beijing can provide an exemplary case for urban development and natural environments in plains considering the strategic function of China’s capital city. To elucidate these issues, a remote-sensing methodology of hierarchical urban land mapping was established to obtain the urban land, covering structure and its sub-pixel component with an overall accuracy of over 90.60%. During 1981–2021, intense and sustained urban land expansion increased from 467.13 km<sup>2</sup> to 2581.05 km<sup>2</sup> in Beijing, along with a total growth rate of 452.53%. For intra-urban land structures, a sharp growth rate of over 650.00% (i.e., +1649.54 km<sup>2</sup>) occurred in terms of impervious surface area (ISA), but a greening city was still evidently observed, with a vegetation-coverage rate of 8.43% and 28.42% in old and newly expanded urban regions, respectively, with a more integrative urban ecological landscape (Shannon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) = −0.164, Patch Density (PD) = −8.305). We also observed a lower rate of ISA (0.637 vs. 0.659) and a higher rate of vegetation cover (0.284 vs. 0.211) in new compared to old urban regions, displaying a higher quality of life during urban expansion. Furthermore, the dominant aspect of low, medium, and high density ISA was captured with the north–south orientation, considering the sunlight conditions and traditional house construction customs in North China, Over 92.00% of the ISA was distributed in flat environment regions with a slope of less than 15°. When the water-resource service radius shifted from 0.5 km to 0.5–1 km and 1–2 km, high density vegetation displayed a dependence on water resources. Our results provide a new survey of the evolution of hierarchical urban land mapping during 1981–2021 and reveals the relationship with physical medium environments, providing an important reference for relevant research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:14:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d99b4f7f4b8b41219aa3933973addcb4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:14:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-d99b4f7f4b8b41219aa3933973addcb42023-11-23T17:40:04ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-01-0114358010.3390/rs14030580Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021)Tao Pan0Wenhui Kuang1Ruoyi Pan2Zhenguo Niu3Yinyin Dou4School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, ChinaKey Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaSchool of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaKey Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaRapid urban expansion and structural changes are taking place in China’s capital city, Beijing, but without an update of urban land features in a timely manner our understanding of the new urban heterogeneity is restricted, as land-background data is indispensable for bio-geophysical and bio-geochemical processes. In this plain region, the investigations of multi-scale urban land mappings and physical medium environmental elements such as slope, aspect, and water resource services are still lacking, although Beijing can provide an exemplary case for urban development and natural environments in plains considering the strategic function of China’s capital city. To elucidate these issues, a remote-sensing methodology of hierarchical urban land mapping was established to obtain the urban land, covering structure and its sub-pixel component with an overall accuracy of over 90.60%. During 1981–2021, intense and sustained urban land expansion increased from 467.13 km<sup>2</sup> to 2581.05 km<sup>2</sup> in Beijing, along with a total growth rate of 452.53%. For intra-urban land structures, a sharp growth rate of over 650.00% (i.e., +1649.54 km<sup>2</sup>) occurred in terms of impervious surface area (ISA), but a greening city was still evidently observed, with a vegetation-coverage rate of 8.43% and 28.42% in old and newly expanded urban regions, respectively, with a more integrative urban ecological landscape (Shannon’s Diversity Index (SHDI) = −0.164, Patch Density (PD) = −8.305). We also observed a lower rate of ISA (0.637 vs. 0.659) and a higher rate of vegetation cover (0.284 vs. 0.211) in new compared to old urban regions, displaying a higher quality of life during urban expansion. Furthermore, the dominant aspect of low, medium, and high density ISA was captured with the north–south orientation, considering the sunlight conditions and traditional house construction customs in North China, Over 92.00% of the ISA was distributed in flat environment regions with a slope of less than 15°. When the water-resource service radius shifted from 0.5 km to 0.5–1 km and 1–2 km, high density vegetation displayed a dependence on water resources. Our results provide a new survey of the evolution of hierarchical urban land mapping during 1981–2021 and reveals the relationship with physical medium environments, providing an important reference for relevant research.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/580hierarchical urban land mappingsliving environmentphysical medium conditionsthe capital of China |
| spellingShingle | Tao Pan Wenhui Kuang Ruoyi Pan Zhenguo Niu Yinyin Dou Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021) Remote Sensing hierarchical urban land mappings living environment physical medium conditions the capital of China |
| title | Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021) |
| title_full | Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021) |
| title_fullStr | Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021) |
| title_short | Hierarchical Urban Land Mappings and Their Distribution with Physical Medium Environments Using Time Series of Land Resource Images in Beijing, China (1981–2021) |
| title_sort | hierarchical urban land mappings and their distribution with physical medium environments using time series of land resource images in beijing china 1981 2021 |
| topic | hierarchical urban land mappings living environment physical medium conditions the capital of China |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/580 |
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