ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs)
The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) enables various underwater objects be connected to accommodate a wide range of applications, such as oil and mineral exportations, disaster detection, and tracing tracking systems. As about 71% of our earth is covered by water and one-fourth of the populatio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5968 |
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| author | Umar Draz Sana Yasin Tariq Ali Amjad Ali Zaid Bin Faheem Ning Zhang Muhammad Hasan Jamal Dong-Young Suh |
| author_facet | Umar Draz Sana Yasin Tariq Ali Amjad Ali Zaid Bin Faheem Ning Zhang Muhammad Hasan Jamal Dong-Young Suh |
| author_sort | Umar Draz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) enables various underwater objects be connected to accommodate a wide range of applications, such as oil and mineral exportations, disaster detection, and tracing tracking systems. As about 71% of our earth is covered by water and one-fourth of the population lives around this, the IoUT expects to play a vital role. It is imperative to pursue reliable communication in this vast domain, as human beings’ future depends on water activities and resources. Therefore, there is a urgent need for underwater communication to be reliable, end-to-end secure, and collision/void node-free, especially when the routing path is established between sender and sonobuoys. The foremost issue discussed in this area is its routing path, which has high security and bandwidth without simultaneous multiple reflections. Short communication range is also a problem (because of an absence of inter-node adjustment); the acoustic signals have short ranges and maximum-scaling factors that cause a delay in communication. Therefore, we proposed Rotational Orbit-Based Inter Node Adjustment (ROBINA) with variant Path-Adjustment (PA-ROBINA) and Path Loss (PL-ROBINA) for IoUTs to achive reliable communication between the sender and sonobuoys. Additionally, the mathematical-based path loss model was discussed to cover the PL-ROBINA strategy. Extensive simulations were conducted with various realistic parameters and the results were compared with state-of-the-art routing protocols. Extensive simulations proved that the proposed routing scheme outperformed different realistic parameters; for example, packet transmission 45% increased with an average end-to-end delay of only 0.3% respectively. Furthermore, the transmission loss and path loss (measured in dB) were 25 and 46 dB, respectively, compared with other algorithms, for example, EBER<sup>2</sup> 54%, WDFAD-BDR 54%, AEDG 49%, ASEGD 55%, AVH-AHH-VBF 54.5%, and TANVEER 39%, respectively. In addition, the individual parameters with ROBINA and TANVEER were also compared, in which ROBINA achieved a 98% packet transmission ratio compared with TANVEER, which was only 82%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:04:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d9ac241130ae4d4fb7b5433d2debf18d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:04:22Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-d9ac241130ae4d4fb7b5433d2debf18d2023-11-22T11:15:15ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-09-012117596810.3390/s21175968ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs)Umar Draz0Sana Yasin1Tariq Ali2Amjad Ali3Zaid Bin Faheem4Ning Zhang5Muhammad Hasan Jamal6Dong-Young Suh7Department of Computer Science, Lahore Campus, CUI, Lahore 54000, Punjab, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science, Sahiwal Campus, CUI, Sahiwal 57000, Punjab, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science, Lahore Campus, CUI, Lahore 54000, Punjab, PakistanDepartment of Computre Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, UET, Texila 47080, Punjab, PakistanElectrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, CanadaDepartment of Computer Science, Lahore Campus, CUI, Lahore 54000, Punjab, PakistanCollege of Electronics and Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-901, KoreaThe Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) enables various underwater objects be connected to accommodate a wide range of applications, such as oil and mineral exportations, disaster detection, and tracing tracking systems. As about 71% of our earth is covered by water and one-fourth of the population lives around this, the IoUT expects to play a vital role. It is imperative to pursue reliable communication in this vast domain, as human beings’ future depends on water activities and resources. Therefore, there is a urgent need for underwater communication to be reliable, end-to-end secure, and collision/void node-free, especially when the routing path is established between sender and sonobuoys. The foremost issue discussed in this area is its routing path, which has high security and bandwidth without simultaneous multiple reflections. Short communication range is also a problem (because of an absence of inter-node adjustment); the acoustic signals have short ranges and maximum-scaling factors that cause a delay in communication. Therefore, we proposed Rotational Orbit-Based Inter Node Adjustment (ROBINA) with variant Path-Adjustment (PA-ROBINA) and Path Loss (PL-ROBINA) for IoUTs to achive reliable communication between the sender and sonobuoys. Additionally, the mathematical-based path loss model was discussed to cover the PL-ROBINA strategy. Extensive simulations were conducted with various realistic parameters and the results were compared with state-of-the-art routing protocols. Extensive simulations proved that the proposed routing scheme outperformed different realistic parameters; for example, packet transmission 45% increased with an average end-to-end delay of only 0.3% respectively. Furthermore, the transmission loss and path loss (measured in dB) were 25 and 46 dB, respectively, compared with other algorithms, for example, EBER<sup>2</sup> 54%, WDFAD-BDR 54%, AEDG 49%, ASEGD 55%, AVH-AHH-VBF 54.5%, and TANVEER 39%, respectively. In addition, the individual parameters with ROBINA and TANVEER were also compared, in which ROBINA achieved a 98% packet transmission ratio compared with TANVEER, which was only 82%.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5968IoUTsROBINAPA-ROBINAPL-ROBINAvoid nodeenergy consumption |
| spellingShingle | Umar Draz Sana Yasin Tariq Ali Amjad Ali Zaid Bin Faheem Ning Zhang Muhammad Hasan Jamal Dong-Young Suh ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) Sensors IoUTs ROBINA PA-ROBINA PL-ROBINA void node energy consumption |
| title | ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) |
| title_full | ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) |
| title_fullStr | ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) |
| title_full_unstemmed | ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) |
| title_short | ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) |
| title_sort | robina rotational orbit based inter node adjustment for acoustic routing path in the internet of underwater things iouts |
| topic | IoUTs ROBINA PA-ROBINA PL-ROBINA void node energy consumption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5968 |
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