Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic Approach
<i>Terminalia sericea</i> Burch. ex. DC. (Combretaceae) is a popular remedy for the treatment of infectious diseases. It is widely prescribed by traditional healers and sold at informal markets and may be a good candidate for commercialisation. For this to be realised, a thorough phytoch...
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/16/3683 |
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| author | Chinedu P Anokwuru Sidonie Tankeu Sandy van Vuuren Alvaro Viljoen Isaiah D. I Ramaite Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Sandra Combrinck |
| author_facet | Chinedu P Anokwuru Sidonie Tankeu Sandy van Vuuren Alvaro Viljoen Isaiah D. I Ramaite Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Sandra Combrinck |
| author_sort | Chinedu P Anokwuru |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Terminalia sericea</i> Burch. ex. DC. (Combretaceae) is a popular remedy for the treatment of infectious diseases. It is widely prescribed by traditional healers and sold at informal markets and may be a good candidate for commercialisation. For this to be realised, a thorough phytochemical and bioactivity profile is required to identify constituents that may be associated with the antibacterial activity and hence the quality of raw materials and consumer products. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemistry and identify the antibacterial constituents of <i>T. sericea</i> root bark, using a metabolomic approach. The chemical profiles and antibacterial activities of 42 root bark samples collected from three districts in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, were evaluated. Dichloromethane:methanol (1:1) extracts were analysed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS), and chemometric models were constructed from the aligned data. The extracts were tested against <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (ATCC 11778), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (ATCC 12223), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 25923), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ATCC 8739), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (ATCC 13883), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (ATCC 27853), <i>Shigella sonnei</i> (ATCC 9292) and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (ATCC 14028), using the minimum inhibition microdilution assay. Nine compounds; sericic acid, sericoside, resveratrol-3-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-rutinoside, ellagic acid, flavogallonic acid dilactone, methyl-flavogallonate, quercetin-3-(2′′-galloylrhamnoside), resveratrol-3-(6′′-galloyl)-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucopyranoside and arjunetin, were isolated from the root bark. All the compounds, with the exception of sericic acid, sericoside and resveratrol-3-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-rutinoside, were isolated for the first time from the root bark of <i>T. sericea.</i> Chemometric analysis revealed clustering that was not population specific, and the presence of three groupings within the samples, characterised by sericic acid, sericoside and an unidentified compound (<i>m/z</i> 682/4.66 min), respectively. The crude extracts from different populations displayed varied antibacterial activities against <i>S. typhimurium</i> (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) 0.25–1.0 mg/mL), but similar activity towards <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (1.0 mg/mL). Several compounds present in the root bark were highly active towards all or most of the pathogens tested, but this activity was not reflected by the chemical profiles of extracts prepared from the individual samples. Among the pure compounds tested, only flavogallonic acid dilactone and methyl-flavogallonate exhibited broad-spectrum activity. A biochemometric analysis indicated that there was no consistent association between the levels of phytochemicals and the activity of the active or non-active extracts. Although it was deduced that the major constituents of <i>T. sericea</i> root bark contributed to the chemotypic variation, further investigation of the interactions of compounds present in the root bark may provide antibacterial efficacies not evident when examining compounds singularly. The data reported herein will provide information that is fundamentally important for the development of quality control protocols. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:33:01Z |
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| id | doaj.art-da1014ca46b44c9499a471a50755b968 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:33:01Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-da1014ca46b44c9499a471a50755b9682023-11-20T09:58:59ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-08-012516368310.3390/molecules25163683Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic ApproachChinedu P Anokwuru0Sidonie Tankeu1Sandy van Vuuren2Alvaro Viljoen3Isaiah D. I Ramaite4Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati5Sandra Combrinck6Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South AfricaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaDepartment of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South AfricaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaDepartment of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South AfricaDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Federico II Via D. Montesano 49, 1-80131 Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa<i>Terminalia sericea</i> Burch. ex. DC. (Combretaceae) is a popular remedy for the treatment of infectious diseases. It is widely prescribed by traditional healers and sold at informal markets and may be a good candidate for commercialisation. For this to be realised, a thorough phytochemical and bioactivity profile is required to identify constituents that may be associated with the antibacterial activity and hence the quality of raw materials and consumer products. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemistry and identify the antibacterial constituents of <i>T. sericea</i> root bark, using a metabolomic approach. The chemical profiles and antibacterial activities of 42 root bark samples collected from three districts in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, were evaluated. Dichloromethane:methanol (1:1) extracts were analysed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS), and chemometric models were constructed from the aligned data. The extracts were tested against <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (ATCC 11778), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (ATCC 12223), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 25923), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ATCC 8739), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (ATCC 13883), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (ATCC 27853), <i>Shigella sonnei</i> (ATCC 9292) and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (ATCC 14028), using the minimum inhibition microdilution assay. Nine compounds; sericic acid, sericoside, resveratrol-3-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-rutinoside, ellagic acid, flavogallonic acid dilactone, methyl-flavogallonate, quercetin-3-(2′′-galloylrhamnoside), resveratrol-3-(6′′-galloyl)-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucopyranoside and arjunetin, were isolated from the root bark. All the compounds, with the exception of sericic acid, sericoside and resveratrol-3-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-rutinoside, were isolated for the first time from the root bark of <i>T. sericea.</i> Chemometric analysis revealed clustering that was not population specific, and the presence of three groupings within the samples, characterised by sericic acid, sericoside and an unidentified compound (<i>m/z</i> 682/4.66 min), respectively. The crude extracts from different populations displayed varied antibacterial activities against <i>S. typhimurium</i> (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) 0.25–1.0 mg/mL), but similar activity towards <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (1.0 mg/mL). Several compounds present in the root bark were highly active towards all or most of the pathogens tested, but this activity was not reflected by the chemical profiles of extracts prepared from the individual samples. Among the pure compounds tested, only flavogallonic acid dilactone and methyl-flavogallonate exhibited broad-spectrum activity. A biochemometric analysis indicated that there was no consistent association between the levels of phytochemicals and the activity of the active or non-active extracts. Although it was deduced that the major constituents of <i>T. sericea</i> root bark contributed to the chemotypic variation, further investigation of the interactions of compounds present in the root bark may provide antibacterial efficacies not evident when examining compounds singularly. The data reported herein will provide information that is fundamentally important for the development of quality control protocols.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/16/3683antibacterial<i>Terminalia sericea</i>metabolomicschemical markerschemometricsroot bark |
| spellingShingle | Chinedu P Anokwuru Sidonie Tankeu Sandy van Vuuren Alvaro Viljoen Isaiah D. I Ramaite Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Sandra Combrinck Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic Approach Molecules antibacterial <i>Terminalia sericea</i> metabolomics chemical markers chemometrics root bark |
| title | Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic Approach |
| title_full | Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic Approach |
| title_fullStr | Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic Approach |
| title_short | Unravelling the Antibacterial Activity of <em>Terminalia sericea</em> Root Bark through a Metabolomic Approach |
| title_sort | unravelling the antibacterial activity of em terminalia sericea em root bark through a metabolomic approach |
| topic | antibacterial <i>Terminalia sericea</i> metabolomics chemical markers chemometrics root bark |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/16/3683 |
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